2012—2013年重庆雪玉洞洞穴系统碳循环特征

任坤; 沈立成; 袁道先; 王晓晓; 徐尚全

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2016.113

2012—2013年重庆雪玉洞洞穴系统碳循环特征

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2016.113

任坤^1,2,3,,
沈立成³,
袁道先^1,2,3,
王晓晓⁴,
徐尚全³

1.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所，国土资源部广西岩溶动力学重点实验室，广西桂林 541004
2.
联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心，广西桂林 541004
3.
西南大学地理科学学院，重庆 400715
4.
中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所，四川成都 610041

基金项目:

中国地质调查局项目 DD20160285

中国地质科学院基本科研业务费专项项目 2016005

重庆市院士专项项目 CSTC2013jcyjys20001

中央高校基本科研业务费专项项目 XDJK2015D003

国家自然科学基金项目 41103068

详细信息

作者简介:
任坤(1988-)，男，硕士，主要从事岩溶环境学与水文地质方面的研究.E-mail: rkhblhk@163.com

中图分类号: P592
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-01-29
- 刊出日期: 2016-08-15

Carbon Cycle Characteristics in Karst Cave System of Xueyu Cave from 2012 to 2013

1.
Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Karst Dynamics Laboratory of Ministry of Land and Resources & Guangxi, Guilin 541004, China
2.
International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin 541004, China
3.
School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
4.
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS, Chengdu 610041, China

摘要

摘要: 重庆雪玉洞洞内CO₂浓度之高，在国内外皆罕见，但此洞穴系统碳循环特征及控制因素仍不清楚.利用土壤二氧化碳分压(P_{CO_2^-soil})、洞内大气二氧化碳分压(P_{CO_2^-cave})、地下河水二氧化碳分压(P_{CO_2^-eq})、方解石饱和指数(SIc)、地下河水溶解无机碳同位素(δ¹³C_DIC)等指标来研究雪玉洞洞内CO₂浓度变化、控制因素以及地下河对洞内碳循环的影响.结果表明：雪玉洞上覆P_{CO_2^-soil}雨季高，旱季低；降雨量是控制上覆P_{CO_2^-soil}的重要因子.雪玉洞P_{CO_2^-cave}变化规律明显，暖季高，冷季低；温度变化导致洞内外气流频繁交换是P_{CO_2^-cave}突变的重要原因，地下河水CO₂脱气能够在短时间内让P_{CO_2^-cave}上升到较高值.雨季由于土壤CO₂效应，地下河水具有低SIc、高P_{CO_2^-eq}特性，矿化度较高，并且部分月份地下河水具有溶蚀性；旱季由于土壤CO₂效应及降雨较少，地下河水呈现高SIc、低P_{CO_2^-eq}特性，矿化度较低，以沉积为主.
- 岩溶洞穴系统 /
- 碳循环 /
- 二氧化碳分压 /
- 方解石饱和指数 /
- 雪玉洞 /
- 气候变化
Abstract: The high CO₂ concentration in Xueyue cave, Chongqing, is rare at home and abroad. However, the circulation characteristics of carbon and its controlling factors in this cave system remain unknown. P_{CO_2^-soil}, P_{CO_2^-cave}, P_{CO_2^-eq}, SIc, and δ¹³C_DIC of subterranean stream were analyzed to investigate the laws of CO₂ concentration variations in Xueyu cave and its contolling factors, as well as the impact on carbon cycle in this cave by subterranean stream. It is found that soil P_CO₂ mainly controlled by precipitation in subtropical areas was higher in rainy season than that of dry season. Cave air P_CO₂ exhibited seasonal variations, high cave air P_CO₂ typically occurred during warm periods, and low cave air P_CO₂ were typical of cold periods. It was ventilation driven by the temperature difference between cave and outside air that resulted in a sharp transition of cave air P_CO₂. Meanwhile, cave air P_CO₂ could rise to high level in a short period of time because of CO₂ degassing from subterranean stream. Due to soil CO₂ effect, groundwater became more mineralized water with low SIc and high water P_{CO_2^-eq}, and dissolution in some months in rainy season. With the reduction of soil CO₂ and precipitation, groundwater had low degree of mineralization with high SIc and low water P_{CO_2^-eq} in dry season.
- karst cave system /
- carbon cycle /
- CO₂ partial pressure /
- calcite saturation index /
- Xueyu cave /
- climate change

HTML全文

图 1 雪玉洞地理位置及监测点位置

Fig. 1. Location of Xueyu cave and sampling sites

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图 2 土壤CO₂监测装置

Fig. 2. Monitoring devices of soil CO₂

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图 3 开放系统中方解石溶解的基本物理化学过程

[H₂CO₃^*]指水中的CO₂与H₂CO₃活度之和

Fig. 3. Dissolution of calcite in an open karst system

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图 4 -lg(P_{CO_2^-eq}) vs. SIc关系模型

据Peyraube et al.(2012)

Fig. 4. Relationship of -lg(P_{CO_2^-eq}) vs. Sic

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图 5 研究区土壤P_CO₂、洞穴P_CO₂随时间变化规律

Fig. 5. The variation relationships of P_{CO_2^-soil} and P_{CO_2^-cave} with time in study area

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图 6 地下河水-lg(P_{CO_2^-eq}) vs. SIc模型输出结果

Fig. 6. Results of subterranean stream in -lg(P_{CO_2^-eq}) vs. SIc

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图 7 土壤P_CO₂与降雨量、温度的相关性

Fig. 7. Correlations of P_{CO_2^-soil} vs. precipitation and P_{CO_2^-soil} vs. temperature

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图 8 雪玉洞冷季、暖季气流交换示意

图中黑色粗箭头为洞外气流，灰色虚箭头为洞内气流，灰色实箭头为土壤气流

Fig. 8. Schematic summary of the two main types of air circulation in Xueyu cave

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图 9 雪玉洞内各相P_CO₂变化

Fig. 9. Evolution of equilibrium and saturation values of P_CO₂ from water in Xueyu cave

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表 1 文中术语

Table 1. The nomenclature in article

表达式	代表意义	表达式	代表意义
[Ca²⁺]	钙离子活度	SIc	方解石饱和指数
(Ca²⁺)	钙离子摩尔当量	P_CO₂	二氧化碳分压
[HCO₃^-]	碳酸氢根离子活度	P_{CO_2^-eq}	水-气平衡时二氧化碳分压
(HCO₃^-)	碳酸氢根离子摩尔当量	P_{CO_2^-sat}	SIc=0时的二氧化碳分压
γ_Ca²⁺	钙离子活度系数	P_{CO_2^-cave}	洞穴内大气二氧化碳分压
γ_HCO₃^-	碳酸氢根离子活度系数	P_{CO_2^-soil}	土壤二氧化碳分压
G & D	吸气脱气直线	pH	酸碱指标
K₀	亨利气体溶解平衡常数	pHm	实际测试的pH值
K₁	碳酸的一次离解常数	pHsat	SIc=0时的pH值
K₂	碳酸的二次离解常数	Model-HCO₃^-	(-lg(P_{CO_2^-eq}) vs. SIc)模型得出的HCO₃^-浓度
K_c	CaCO₃溶解时平衡常数	Model-P_{CO_2^-sat}	(-lg(P_{CO_2^-eq}) vs. SIc)模型得出的P_{CO_2^-sat}

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表 2 地下河水上下游二氧化碳分压(%)

Table 2. Water P_CO₂ in upstream and downstream water of subterranean river (%)

日期	下游P_{CO_2^-eq}	上游P_{CO_2^-eq}	△P_{CO_2^-eq}	P_{CO_2^-cave}	P_{CO_2^-cave}增加/减少量
2013-11-02	0.14	0.15	0.01	0.39	-
2013-11-03	0.20	0.24	0.04	0.50	0.11
2013-11-04	0.18	0.31	0.13	0.60	0.10
2013-11-05	0.34	0.43	0.09	0.73	0.13
2013-11-06	0.33	0.34	0.01	0.54	-0.19
2013-11-07	0.36	0.49	0.14	0.66	0.12
2013-11-08	0.61	0.76	0.15	0.91	0.25
2013-11-09	0.67	0.96	0.29	0.98	0.07
平均值	0.35	0.46	0.11	0.70	0.09
注：P_{CO_2^-cave}为4个洞穴大气监测点的平均值；P_{CO_2^-cave}增加/减少量为相邻2天数据之差.

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