Origin and Early Evolution of Land Plants and the Effects on Earth's Environments
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摘要: 研究陆地植物在古生代的起源和早期演化（简称“植物登陆”）及它们对地表环境的塑造作用，对于理解地球系统的演化规律具有重要意义.证据表明，泥盆纪是维管植物辐射演化的关键时期，现代支系如石松类、真蕨类、楔叶类、种子植物等在该时期奠基，根系、大型叶、次生木质部、种子等性状快速演化出现并复杂化，森林在中泥盆世以来成为陆地植被的重要组分.近年来，在古生代植被控制河流沉积体系的转变、陆地植物的化学风化增强效应、古生代陆地有机碳埋藏等的研究方面取得了重要进展.未来需要通过从基因到陆地生态系统等多个层次的研究，进一步揭示植物登陆的过程与机制，从微观、生境、区域到全球多个空间尺度，进一步研究植物登陆对地球环境的影响.Abstract: The knowledge how land plants originated and diversified during the Paleozoic (the plant terrestrialization for short) and how they induced impacts on Earth's surface environments is of great significance for a better understanding of the evolution of Earth System. Devonian is a key interval of vascular plant radiation, when extant clades such as lycopsids, ferns, sphenopsids, and seed plants originated, innovative organ systems such as roots, leaves, wood, and seeds evolved, and forests became an important component of terrestrial landscape. Recent advances concerning interactions between early plants and Earth's environments include: how Paleozoic vegetation forced the evolution of fluvial landscapes; how early land plants enhanced chemical weathering; and how terrestrial organic carbon buried during the Paleozoic; etc. Future studies aim to, on one side, reveal more details about the process and mechanisms of plant terrestrialization, based on evidence varying from genes to terrestrial ecosystems, and on the other side, learn more about the effects of Earth's environments by such a transformative event at multiple spatial scales, such as microscopic-, habitat-, regional-, and global scales.
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Key words:
- Paleozoic /
- land plant /
- continental weathering /
- carbon cycle /
- forest /
- wetlands
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图 1 古生代陆地植物与地球环境
a. 4个植被阶段及若干典型植物的形态；b. 陆地植物主要支系的谱系关系、延限及关键演化事件；c. 华南及世界其他地区维管植物多样性；d. 模型估算的大气CO2浓度（据Berner and Kothavala，2001）、中国代表性含煤地层、北美陆地有机沉积物累计量（据Nelsen et al.，2016）、低纬度地区成煤森林面积（仅包括宾夕法尼亚亚纪之后的数据；据Cleal and Thomas，2005）以及古生代冰期延限.除注明外，数据来自各种资料的综合.地质年代缩写：Ll. 兰多维列世；W. 温洛克世；Lu. 罗德洛世；P. 普里道利世；Miss. 密西西比亚纪；Penn. 宾夕法尼亚亚纪；Gu. 瓜德鲁普世；Lo. 乐平世
Fig. 1. Paleozoic land plants and Earth's environments
图 2 地史时期的河流景观演化
a. 前寒武纪至石炭纪的河流形态演化（据Gibling and Davies，2012）；b.辫状河、曲流河及网状河形态的对比（据Davies and Gibling，2013）；c.典型的辫状河卫星图（沱沱河与通天河交汇处）；d. 典型的曲流河卫星图（辽河，铁岭市北）
Fig. 2. Evolution of fluvial landscapes during geological time
图 3 研究植物登陆的层次和空间尺度示意图
a. 陆地生态系统、植物群落、物种及其组织结构、发育基因等多个层次；植物登陆促进陆地有机碳积累，改变了陆地向海洋输入的矿物质和有机碳的通量；b. 早泥盆世全球古地理图（据Boucot et al.，2013）；全球尺度的研究有利于揭示早期植被的古地理格局；c. 云南曲靖下泥盆统徐家冲组古土壤剖面，示原位的植物根系；d. 美国纽约中泥盆世剖面，虚线标示原位埋藏的Eospermatopteris树干（地球上最古老的原位森林产地；William E. Stein提供图片）；生境（剖面）尺度的研究有利于揭示植物的个体特征与群落生态、以及植物如何影响沉积过程和成土作用
Fig. 3. Diagram showing the hierarchies and spatial scales in studying the colonization of land by plants
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