Key Technologies in Geology-Engineering Integration Volumetric Fracturing for Deep Shale Gas Wells
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摘要: 针对深层页岩气埋深大、两向水平应力差大、垂向应力差小、岩石塑性特征强等地质特征，以地质工程一体化为设计理念，建立了包括测井曲线、页岩总有机碳含量、孔隙度、全烃、关键录井元素、矿物组分、过量硅、矿物脆性、岩石力学参数等评价方法，开展沿水平井段的地质工程双甜点研究，实现地质与工程一体化优选甜点段和最优甜点段准确识别，为深层页岩气水平井压裂改造提供依据.然后，基于高导流的立体缝网为体积压裂的目标函数，开展深层页岩气窄压力窗口下的体积压裂注入模式及工艺参数优化研究，包括迂回双暂堵工艺优化，支撑剂在复杂缝网下的动态运移规律与导流能力研究，以及一体化变黏度高降阻滑溜水研发等.研究成果在现场的应用结果表明，上述基于地质工程一体化的体积压裂技术，压后测试产量较邻井能提高30%~50%以上，可大幅度提高深层页岩气的经济开发效果，对今后垂深超过4 500 m的超深层页岩气的经济有效勘探与开发，也同样具有重要的指导和借鉴意义.Abstract: According to the geological characteristics of deep shale gas, such as large horizontal stress difference, small vertical stress difference and strong rock plastic characteristics, evaluation methods were established for the logging curve, total organic carbon, porosity, all gas hydrocarbon, key logging elements, silicon, mineral brittleness, rock mechanics parameters, etc.. And the geology-engineering double sweet spot study along the horizontal wellbore was carried out based on the design concept of geology-engineering integration, so as to accurately identify optimal geological & engineering sweet spot, providing guidance for horizontal well fracturing in deep shale gas play. Then, based on three-dimensional fracture network with high fracture conductivity as the objective function, the volume fracturing pump mode and key parameter optimizations were studied for deep shale gas well under narrow pressure window, i.e., circuitous temporary plugging fracturing technology optimization, the dynamic movement of proppant in complex fracture network and test of fracture conductivity, and research and development for integrated variable viscosity slick water, etc.. Field applications demonstrate that the geology-engineering integration volumetric fracturing technology could improve post-frac gas production by more than 30%-50% compared with adjacent wells. The technology can greatly improve the economic development of deep shale gas wells, and it also has important guiding significance for shale gas wells with vertical depth more than 4 500 m as well.
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图 1 H井水平段基于地质工程一体化分析的甜点、最优甜点划分
Fig. 1. Sweet spot and optimal sweet spot division based on geology-engineering integration analysis of horizontal Well H
图 3 水平层理缝对裂缝扩展形态的影响
a.横切缝；b.层理缝；c.台阶状缝网
Fig. 3. Effects of horizontal bedding fractures on fracture propagation
图 4 多簇射孔裂缝因支撑剂流动跟随性问题导致的排量动态变化
Fig. 4. Dynamic pump rate changes in multi-cluster perforated fractures due to proppant transportation
图 5 不同排量下的缝内净压力增长速度模拟结果
Fig. 5. Simulation result of net pressure growth rate in fractures at different pump rates
图 6 暂堵球对不同孔眼封堵效率的影响
a.排量的影响；b.暂堵球密度的影响
Fig. 6. The influence of temporary ball on the plugging efficiency of different cluster perforation holes
图 7 示例井各段极限簇间距计算结果
Fig. 7. Calculation results of limiting cluster spacing for each stage of an example well
图 8 平面射孔与螺旋式射孔裂缝参数对比
Fig. 8. Comparison of fracture parameters between planar perforation and spiral perforation
图 9 小粒径支撑剂与中粒径暂堵剂沉降速度对比
Fig. 9. Comparison of settling velocities between small particle size proppant and medium particle size diverters
图 10 不同施工参数对纵向穿层压裂的影响
a.压裂液黏度；b.排量
Fig. 10. Influences of different pump parameters on fracture propagating vertically through multi-layers
图 11 不同浓度降阻剂下黏度曲线
Fig. 11. Viscosity curve of different resistance reducer concentrations
图 12 滑溜水体系在不同流速下的降阻率
Fig. 12. Drag reduction rate of slickwater at different flow velocities
表 1 示例井多尺度裂缝参数协同优化结果
Table 1. Collaborative optimization results of multi-scale fracture parameters for a case well
序号 参数 优化结果 1 主裂缝半长(m) 260~320 2 支裂缝半长(m) 10~15 3 微裂缝半长(m) 0.5~1.0 4 主裂缝导流(μm2∙cm) 1~3 5 支裂缝导流(μm2∙cm) 0.2~0.8 6 微裂缝导流(μm2∙cm) 0.05~0.20 7 主裂缝比例(%) 60~65 8 支裂缝比例(%) 20~25 9 微裂缝比例(%) 10~15 10 段间距(m) 15~20 
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表 2 一体化变黏度高降阻降阻剂主要性能指标
Table 2. The main performance index of the integrated variable viscosity high resistance reducing agent
项目 测定结果 室内小样 中试生产 市场现有 溶胀时间(s) 10 10 20 分子量(104) 1 200 1 400 ≤1 000 基液表观黏度（mPa·s）(0.1%) 2.3 3.5 3.0 降阻率(%)（室内） 80.3 83 75 剪切时间(min) 120 120 120 尾黏(mPa∙s) 50 60 40 测试温度(℃) 160 160 140
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表 3 不同一体化变黏度高降阻降阻剂质量分数下的黏度
Table 3. The viscosity of different mass fractions of the integrated variable viscosity high resistance reducing agent
降阻剂浓度(%) 研发样品黏度
(mPa∙s)市售样品黏度
(mPa∙s)0.1 3 5.4 0.2 24 12.6 0.3 44 24 0.4 62 33 0.5 80 48 0.6 95 60 0.7 100 72 0.8 120 87 0.9 135 99 1.0 150 105
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表 4 多尺度裂缝立体缝网指数与无阻流量的对应关系
Table 4. The relationship between the three-dimensional network index of multi-scale fractures and open flow capacity
井名 水平段长
(m)排量
(m3/min)单段液量
(m3)延伸多尺度裂缝液量
(m3)多尺度裂缝半缝长
(m)多尺度裂缝数量
(条)FCI-1
只考虑主裂缝、支裂缝FCI
考虑主裂缝、支裂缝、微裂缝无阻流量(104m3/d) F1井 1 008 10~12 1 331 260.0 12.5（支裂缝）
3.2（微裂缝）6（支裂缝）
18（微裂缝）0.132 0.293 16.74 F2井 1 003 12~14 1 545 312.6 12.7（支裂缝）
2.6（微裂缝）8（支裂缝）
23（微裂缝）0.145 0.436 21.18
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