Stability of Soil Slope under Soil-Atmosphere Interaction
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摘要: 土体-大气相互作用是指在多种气象要素共同驱动下，地表浅层土体与大气之间进行物质交换与能量传递的复杂过程.受全球气候变化影响，近年来极端气候事件频发.土体的工程性质在日益严峻的气候环境下发生剧烈变化，产生了大量滑坡灾害，给岩土和地质工程领域带来许多新挑战.系统总结了降雨、气温、空气湿度、风以及太阳辐射5个主要气象要素影响边坡稳定性的机制，分析了土体龟裂、地表植被和土体-大气相互作用之间的关联效应.通过介绍各因素在改变边坡稳定性过程中发挥的作用，构建了一个包括气象要素、土体龟裂以及地表植被的土体-大气相互作用分析体系.该体系为今后土体-大气相互作用下土质边坡稳定性研究确定了关键研究问题，所揭示的作用机理可为今后同类研究提供参考.针对该课题的研究现状，笔者提出了今后的研究方向和重点，包括土体-植被-大气相互作用的理论模型、气候作用下冻土坡体失稳机理、极端气候工程地质作用的生态调控措施三个方面.Abstract: Soil-atmosphere interaction refers to the complex process of material exchange and energy transfer between the surface shallow of soil and the atmosphere, and this process is driven by a variety of meteorological factors. Due to global climate change, extreme climate events have occurred frequently in recent years. The engineering properties of soil have changed dramatically in the process of increasingly severe climate environment. The change of soil leads to a large number of landslide disasters, which brings many new challenges to the field of geotechnical and geological engineering. In this paper it systematically summarizes the mechanism of rainfall, air temperature, air humidity, wind and solar radiation affecting slope stability, and analyzes the correlation effect among soil cracking, surface vegetation and soil-atmosphere interaction. The mainly conclusions are as follows. (1) There are various ways of slope instability and failure caused by rainfall, including the instability and sliding of slope directly caused by rainfall infiltration, the erosion of rainfall destroys the slope surface, and the swelling and shrinkage failure of expansive soil slope caused by raining and drying cycle. (2) Under the condition of rainfall, the damage degree of soil slope is regulated by both rainfall threshold and soil permeability. (3) The increase of temperature accelerates the process of soil evaporation and shrinkage cracking. High temperature environment has an adverse impact on the stability of frozen soil slope. (4) High wind speed, low air humidity and strong solar radiation increase the evaporation rate of soil mass and indirectly enhance the stability of soil slope. (5) The cracks formed by soil cracking become a new channel for water exchange between soil and atmosphere. Cracks increase the evaporation area of soil and increase the evaporation rate of soil. At the same time, cracks provide a priority path for rainfall infiltration, which makes rainfall infiltrates the slope faster and deeper, and destroys the stability of the slope. (6) Through the transpiration of leaves, plants release the water absorbed by roots into the atmosphere and reduce the soil moisture content. Plant roots enhance the water holding capacity of soil and reduce the permeability of soil. At the same time, the root system strengthens the soil in the form of reinforcement, which improves the stability of the slope. In view of the research status of this subject, it puts forward the research direction and focus in the future, including the theoretical model of soil-vegetation-atmosphere interaction, the instability mechanism of frozen soil slope under climate influence, and the ecological regulation measures of extreme climate engineering geology.
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图 1 土体-大气相互作用对土质边坡的影响示意图（改自Rahardjo et al., 2010; Ishikawa et al., 2015）
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of influence of soil-atmosphere interaction on soil slope(modified from Rahardjo et al., 2010; Ishikawa et al., 2015)
图 2 滑坡英文核心文献高频关键词分析
Fig. 2. Analysis of high frequency keywords in English core documents of landslide
图 3 入渗率随时间变化示意图（改自Mein and Larson, 1973）
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of infiltration rate changing with time(modified from Mein and Larson, 1973)
图 5 土体蒸发阶段划分（据唐朝生等, 2011b修改）
Fig. 5. Schematic showing the three stages of evaporation from soil(Tang et al., 2011b)
图 6 土体-大气相互作用下的冻土地区滑坡示意图（据Patton et al., 2019修改）
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of landslide in permafrost area under soil-atmosphere interaction(modified from Patton et al., 2019)
图 7 裂隙优先流诱发土质边坡破坏示意图（据Zhang et al., 2021修改）
Fig. 7. Schematic diagrams of soil slope failure induced by crack dominant flow(modified from Zhang et al., 2021)
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