Key Technology and Engineering Demonstration of Geology⁃Engineering Integration Efficient Exploration of Continental Shale Oil in Songliao Basin
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摘要: 我国陆相页岩油资源潜力巨大，但页岩储层具有高黏土矿物含量、强非均质性、低地层能量的特点，严重制约着我国陆相页岩油的高效勘查.围绕甜点优选、水平井钻探、体积压裂、试油求产等关键环节，综合利用吉页油1HF井系统取心、测井、录井及分析测试资料，开展地质工程一体化创新攻关.结果表明，松辽盆地青一段页岩可划分为高TOC层理型黏土质页岩和中TOC纹层型长英质页岩两种岩相类型，前者以地质甜点为主，后者以工程甜点为主；建立地质工程一体化双甜点评价标准，提出“钻砂压页”的水平井设计理念，优选出1.94 m厚的双甜点目标靶层，采用三维地球物理‒地质工程一体化的超薄目标靶层导向技术，实现超薄目标靶层水平钻进1 252 m，钻遇率100%的技术突破；依据超临界CO2的破岩、溶蚀、驱油、增能4大优势，创新形成超临界CO2+大型水力携砂复合压裂工艺及控压蓄能返排技术，实现了吉页油1HF井陆相页岩地层的大型体积改造，并获得16.4 m3/d高产稳产页岩油突破，形成的地质工程一体化方法、技术、工艺及参数体系，对松辽盆地及同类型的陆相页岩油高效勘探开发具有借鉴意义.Abstract: China's continental shale oil resources have great potential, but the shale reservoir has the characteristics of high clay mineral content, strong heterogeneity and low ground energy, which seriously restricts the efficient exploration of continental shale oil in China. Focusing on the key links such as sweet spot optimization, horizontal well drilling, stimulated reservoir volume and oil test for production, comprehensively utilizing the coring, logging, logging and analysis and test data of JYY1 Well system, innovative research has been carried out on geology-engineering integration. The results show that the shale of Qingyi Member in Songliao Basin can be divided into two lithofacies types: high TOC bedding clayey shale and medium TOC laminated felsic shale. The former is mainly geological sweet spot and the latter is mainly engineering sweet spot. In this study, the integrated "double sweet spot" evaluation standard of geology-engineering has been established. Based on our horizontal well design concept of "drilling sand and fracturing shale", the 1.94 m thick double sweet spot target layer was selected, and the technical breakthrough of 1 252 m horizontal drilling of ultra-thin target layer and 100% penetration rate was achieved by adopting the three-dimensional geophysical geology-engineering integration ultra-thin target layer guidance technology. The four advantages of supercritical CO2 are rock breaking, dissolution, oil displacement and energy increase. The supercritical CO2 + large-scale hydraulic sand carrying composite fracturing process and pressure controlled energy storage flowback technology have been innovated, which has realized the large-scale volume transformation of continental shale formation of JYY1 Well, and achieved a breakthrough in 16.4 m3/d high and stable shale oil, resulting in a geology-engineering integration method, technology, process and various parameters. It has reference significance for the efficient exploration and development of continental shale oil in Songliao Basin and the same type.
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图 1 松辽盆地凹陷层分布、地层发育及吉页油1HF井位置
Fig. 1. Distribution, formation development and location of JYY1HF Well in sag of Songliao Basin
图 2 吉页油1HF井导眼井青一段双甜点评价及目标靶层优选图
Fig. 2. Double sweet spot evaluation and target layer optimization of Qingyi Member in pilot hole of JYY1HF Well
图 3 吉页油1HF井目标靶层三维地球物理精细刻画
Fig. 3. 3D geophysical fine description of target layer of JYY1HF Well
图 4 吉页油1HF井目标靶层多参数导向模型
Fig. 4. Multi-parameter steering model of target layer of JYY1HF Well
图 5 吉页油1HF井水平段实时导向及效果评价
Fig. 5. Real time guidance and effect evaluation of water leveling section of JYY1HF Well
图 6 超临界CO2复合压裂工艺流程图
Fig. 6. Process flow chart of supercritical CO2 combinedfracturing
图 7 吉页油1HF井甜点综合评价及分段选簇图
Fig. 7. Comprehensive evaluation and segmented cluster selection of JYY1HF Well
图 8 吉页油1HF井单段液量、砂量与有效缝网面积的关系
Fig. 8. Relationship between single section fluid volume, sand volume and effective fracture network area of JYY1HF Well
图 9 吉页油1HF井不同液量、砂量组合下有效缝网特征对比
a.液量1 000 m3+砂量40 m3组合；b.液量1 200 m3+砂量60 m3组合；c.液量1 400 m3+砂量80 m3组合；d.液量1 600 m3+砂量100 m3组合
Fig. 9. Comparison of effective fracture pattern characteristics under different fluid and sand volume combinations of JYY1HF Well
图 10 吉页油1HF井单段排量最优区间筛选
Fig. 10. Optimal interval selection of single section displacement of JYY1HF Well
图 11 吉页油1HF井压裂施工典型曲线及参数统计图
Fig. 11. Typical curve and parameter statistics of fracturing operation of JYY1HF Well
图 12 吉页油1HF井微地震事件分布及储层有效改造范围
Fig. 12. Distribution of microseismic events and effective reservoir reconstruction range of JYY1HF Well
图 13 吉页油1HF井储层改造体积影响因素对比分析
Fig. 13. Comparative analysis of factors affecting reservoir reconstruction volume of JYY1HF Well
图 14 吉页油1HF井泵抽排采阶段工作制度优化分析
Fig. 14. Optimization analysis of working system in pumping, drainage and production stage of JYY1HF Well
表 1 页岩油地质工程双甜点评价标准
Table 1. Evaluation criteria for shale oil geology-engineering
双甜点评价参数 主地质参数 主工程参数 现场气测总烃(%) 现场热解S1
(mg/g)实测TOC
(%)核磁孔隙度
(%)杨氏模量（GPa） 矿物脆性指数(%) 破裂压力
（MPa）水平应力差
（MPa）单项分级权重 1级（权重0.6） > 1.5 > 1.5 > 2.0 > 6.0 > 2.0 > 50 40~60 < 5 2级（权重0.3） 0.5~1.5 1.0~1.5 1.0~2.0 4.0~6.0 1.0~2.0 30~50 > 60 5~10 3级（权重0.1） < 0.5 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 4.0 < 1.0 < 30 < 30 > 10 综合评价权重 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 
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表 2 超临界CO2、液态N2、水基压裂液的优缺点对比
Table 2. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages in CO2, N2 and water-based fracturing fluid
压裂液类型 优点 缺点 超临界CO2 （1）超临界CO2粘度和表面张力低，净压力传导效率高，还可以降低岩石破裂压力，实现远端大范围破岩；
（2）与地层水集合形成碳酸，溶解碳酸盐矿物，改善储层的物性，返排过程中具有酸化解反凝析污染作用；
（3）可以驱替页岩中的原油，同时可以降低原油粘度，有利于页岩油的排出；
（4）液态CO2进入地层后一部分会变成气体，体积膨胀，增加地层能量，有利于后期返排.（1）施工投入的地面设备相对较多，施工难度大，受限自然条件较多；
（2）对设备要求高，目前无法实施大排量施工，通常为1~ 2 m3/min，压裂规模受限；
（3）超临界CO2粘度低，无法有效携带支撑剂，缝网导流能力低；
（4）施工过程中地面管线温度低存在冰堵的风险，有安全隐患；
（5）CO2溶于水则呈弱酸性，会对井下工具设备有一定腐烛.液态N2 （1）N2是惰性气体，不易与地层发生反应，稳定性好，同时可减少液体滤失；
（2）N2比CO2比的摩阻小，可以降低施工压力，进而降低施工难度；
（3）液氮压缩系数高，储藏大量压缩能，增能提产效果好.（1）施工伴注排量受到限制，加入比例低，通常为150~180 L/min，压裂造缝及增能作用有限；
（2）液N2储存运输需要极低的温度，成本相对价高，性价比低.水基压裂液 （1）水力压裂对设备要求低，可以实现大排量、大液量压裂，充分改造储层；
（2）水基压裂液粘度可控，可以有效携带支撑剂进入储层，支撑缝网；
（3）水基压裂液成本低廉，采集、运输储、存简便，适合大范围的井工厂施工.（1）对于强非极性陆相页岩储层的改造能力不足，缝高受限，缝网单一；
（2）易形成页岩水敏膨胀，堵塞孔隙吼道和裂缝网络，并且吞噬支撑剂，影响渗流效果；
（3）对水的需求量较大，易产生负面环境影响.
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