Progress and Prospects in Reconstruction of Flood Events in Chinese Alluvial Plains
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摘要: 冲积平原作为城市聚集和人类发展的重要区域，长期面临着巨大的洪水灾害风险，基于平原区丰富的沉积记录开展洪水事件重建研究有助于科学认识洪水历史及规律，具有重要的意义和价值.通过系统梳理国内外在冲积平原洪水重建研究中的最新进展，重点回顾了近年来我国长江中下游平原和华北平原相关代表性成果，分析了平原区洪水沉积主要特征和识别标志，归纳了特大洪水事件的典型沉积序列和主要沉积环境.最后，结合国内外研究热点和前沿，展望了未来我国冲积平原在洪水重建研究的巨大潜力，建议以沉积相和地层关系为基础，进一步扩展洪水重建研究的时空范围，探索从定性到定量获取不同规模洪水的水文信息，进而开展流域尺度的综合分析，深入了解洪水的驱动机制和影响因素.Abstract: Alluvial plains are very important for urbanization process and human development, which are directly exposed to the risk of intense flooding in the long term. It can deepen the understanding of flood histories and patterns to conduct studies on floodplain deposits with rich information of paleoflood hydrology. By systematically reviewing the latest progress in the reconstruction of flood events in alluvial plains around the world, this paper pays high attention to the representative research in the Yangtze River Plain and the North China Plain over the last decade. The identification of paleoflood deposits at different time scales is reviewed, including sedimentary characteristics and environmental proxies. Combined with recent findings in the post-flooding investigation, sequences of multiple sedimentation layers in major flood events are summarized. In addition, depositional environments in the alluvial plain are generally divided into channel zones, channel margins and flood basins. Based on paleoflood research hotspots and frontiers, the future research firstly should focus on sedimentary features and stratigraphic relationships of flood deposits, then expand the spatial and temporal scope of flood records, explore quantitative paleoflood hydrology, and apply meta-analyses at the whole basin scale in order to gain a deeper understanding on the potential mechanism and factor.
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Key words:
- alluvial plain /
- paleoflood /
- sedimentary feature /
- identification mark /
- Holocene
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图 2 美国密西西比河冲积平原区1973年和2011年大洪水沉积厚度(a)与砂含量(b)对比图（据Heitmuller et al. (2017)修改）
Fig. 2. Average thickness (a) and average sand content (b) of overbank sediments deposited by 1973 and 2011 lower Mississippi River floods(modified from Heitmuller et al. (2017))
图 3 LDC剖面典型沉积特征及碳十四测年结果
Fig. 3. Typical sedimentary features and radiocarbon dating results at the LDC profile
图 4 黄河下游平原区洪水事件重建模式
a. 洪水不同阶段水位；b. 洪水不同阶段沉积序列
Fig. 4. Schematic model of a flood event along the lower Yellow River
图 5 冲积平原沉积环境模式（a）（据Wohl(2021)修改）及横切剖面示意（b）
Fig. 5. Alluvial plain depositional environment model (a) (modified from reference Wohl (2021)) and cross-sectional schematic (b)
图 6 LWM剖面中特大洪水沉积与正常季节性洪水岩性特征及粒度特征差异（照片中黄色线条为多期次季节性洪水形成的河漫滩沉积旋回）
Fig. 6. Different features of lithology and grain-size between extreme flood deposits and normal overbank deposits at the LWM profile (yellow lines in the photo indicate several silt-clay couplets of seasonal overbank flood events)
表 1 长江中下游平原和华北平原主要古洪水重建主要研究点信息统计
Table 1. Statistics of the main paleoflood research sites in the middle-lower Yangtze plain and North China plain
区域 序号 文献 时间尺度 研究材料 测年方法 洪水识别方法 长江中下游平原 1 朱诚等(1997) 全新世 东门剖面 14C 沉积特征、埋藏古树、粒度、扫描电镜 2 Yu et al.(2003) 全新世 林峰桥剖面、宝华山剖面 14C 沉积特征 3 谢远云等(2007) 历史时期 江北农场剖面 14C 沉积特征、粒度 4 钱鹏等(2009) 百年 南通河漫滩钻孔 沉积速率推算 粒度、磁化率 5 赵得爱等(2010) 历史时期 江北农场剖面 14C 埋藏古树 6 Zhan et al.(2010) 百年 LGZ剖面 210Pb 粒度、地化元素 7 吴立(2013) 全新世 钟桥、谭家林和三房湾遗址 14C、OSL、考古文化断代 沉积特征、锆石微形态、粒度、磁化率、Rb/Sr等 8 Li et al.(2013) 百年 TXS钻孔 14C、210Pb、137Cs、 粒度、磁化率 9 Zhang et al.(2015) 十年 NB1/NB2钻孔 137Cs、14C 粒度、重金属元素 10 Liu et al.(2019) 十年 武汉段剖面；南京、铜陵段钻孔 210Pb、137Cs 粒度 11 张跞颖等(2019) 全新世 SK10钻孔 14C 粒度、地化元素 12 朱海等(2020) 全新世 ZK145钻孔 14C 粒度、磁化率 13 熊智秋等(2020) 全新世 ZK145钻孔 14C 磁化率、粒度 14 罗淑元等(2021) 百年 扬子江剖面 137Cs、14C 粒度 15 Guan et al.(2022) 全新世 JH001钻孔 14C 粒度、地化元素 华北平原 16 殷春敏等(2001) 全新世 内丘剖面、肃宁剖面 14C 沉积特征、粒度 17 夏正楷等(2002) 全新世 北京大学地基剖面 14C、TL 沉积特征、埋藏古树 18 要吉花等(2005) 历史时期 GZ钻孔 历史文献资料对比 粒度 19 丁召静(2012) 全新世 船流街剖面 14C、OSL 沉积特征、粒度、磁化率、地化元素 20 Kidder et al.(2012) 全新世 三杨庄遗址 14C、考古文化断代 沉积特征 21 Chen et al.(2014) 百年 DP4钻孔 210Pb、137Cs 孢粉 22 Shen et al.(2015) 全新世 北寨剖面 14C、OSL 沉积特征 23 王超(2015) 历史时期 蔡家村剖面 OSL 粒度、地化元素 24 Yu et al.(2017) 历史时期 嘉祥剖面 14C 沉积特征 25 Storozum et al.(2018) 历史时期 岸上、大张龙遗址 14C、考古文化断代 沉积特征 26 刘德新(2018) 历史时期 JM/SZ钻孔 14C、OSL 粒度、磁化率、有机碳、孢粉 27 Zhao et al.(2019) 全新世 盐池、鱼营剖面 14C、OSL 沉积特征、粒度 28 石佳(2019) 全新世 嘉应观剖面 OSL 粒度、地化元素、色度、磁化率 29 Storozum et al.(2020) 历史时期 开封古城遗址 14C、考古文化断代 沉积特征、粒度 30 Yu et al.(2020) 历史时期 十里铺遗址 14C、OSL、考古文化断代 沉积特征、粒度、粘土矿物 注：本表中研究材料只统计利用沉积物开展洪水重建的主要工作，未包括史料碑文等相关研究. 
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表 2 历史时期黄河下游洪泛频率(范颖等, 2016)
Table 2. Levee breach events in the lower Yellow River during historical period(Fan et al., 2016)
朝代 起止年份 决口次数 决口平均间隔时间(年) 东周、秦、汉 前602‒220 20 41.10 三国、隋、唐 221‒907 40 17.15 五代、宋、元 908‒1368 103 4.47 明朝 1369‒1644 77 3.57 清朝 1645‒1911 110 2.42 民国 1912‒1948 19 1.89 中华人民共和国 1949‒2010 8 7.63
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表 3 黄河冲积平原区与基岩峡谷区古洪水滞流沉积物特征对比表
Table 3. Comparaison table of sedimentary features on slackwater deposit in the bedrock canyon and floodplain of the Yellow River
基岩峡谷区( Huang et al., 2010 ; 王浩宇等，2021)冲积平原区 颜色 浊红棕色、浊黄橙色等 棕色、棕红色等 岩性 粉砂、粘土质粉砂、粉砂质粘土和细砂等 粉砂、粘土质粉砂、粉砂质粘土、粘土等 结构 均匀、致密，块状、层状，风化后呈棱块状，具贝壳状断口 均匀、致密，块状、层状，风化后呈棱块状，具贝壳状断口 构造 石香肠构造、龟裂等 龟裂、软沉积变形等 相邻地层 风成黄土、坡积物、支流混杂沉积物夹层、文化层 古土壤、湖沼相和正常河漫滩沉积物、文化层 地层接触关系 突变关系 突变关系 组合特征 顶部常有粘土质盖层 常与其他粗颗粒（粉砂‒细砂）的泛滥沉积物一起产出
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