Types and Characteristics of Shale Lithofacies Combinations in Continental Faulted Basins: A Case Study from Upper Sub-Member of Es4 in Dongying Sag, Jiyang Depression
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摘要: 目前尚未有划分陆相断陷盆地页岩岩相组合的研究成果和技术方法，不同页岩岩相组合的基本特征还需要进一步明确.在页岩油井取心井段岩心精细观察描述的基础上，利用岩石薄片观察和X射线‒全岩矿物衍射分析明确取心段页岩的基本岩石和岩相类型，通过主要矿物成分及主微量元素测试分析，提取济阳坳陷古近系页岩沉积古环境信息；依据四古环境（古气候、古物源、古盐度、古水深）基本特征，按照沉积环境相似性以及内部结构均一性等原则对东营凹陷沙四上亚段页岩层系进行岩相组合划分，建立了基于沉积环境主控的页岩岩相组合分级划分方案，并结合储层和有机地化分析测试明确了主要岩相组合的储集性和含油性特征.结果表明：（1）东营凹陷沙四上页岩是典型的富碳酸盐页岩（碳酸盐质页岩）和混积型页岩，纹层特征显著，孔隙类型多样，层理缝和构造缝较发育，有机质丰度高，演化程度中等‒低，埋藏深、压力系数高.（2）依据沉积构造部位、古环境，东营凹陷沙四上亚段页岩可划分为8类岩相组合，在盆地中心以发育基质型碳酸盐质页岩岩相组合为主、块状白云岩夹层型页岩岩相组合为辅，在北部陡斜坡带主要发育砂岩夹层型页岩岩相组合，在南部缓斜坡带主要发育块状白云岩夹层型以及纹层状灰质泥岩和白云岩互层等页岩岩相组合.（3）一般地，作为细粒沉积的主体，东营凹陷洼陷中心沙四上亚段基质型页岩层系自底至顶依次发育纹层状泥质灰岩夹块状白云岩相、纹层状泥质灰岩和白云岩互层相、纹层状泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层相、纹层状泥质灰岩夹灰质泥岩相、层状泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层相、层状泥质灰夹灰质泥岩相等，揭示沉积古环境由干旱、咸水、半深水、少物源向半湿润、半咸水、深水、较多物源的变化.（4）纹层状泥质灰岩夹灰质泥岩组合以及纹层状泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层组合最为发育，储集空间类型多样、大孔径孔隙占比高且连通性较好；纹层状泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层含油饱和度相对较高，也是目前济阳坳陷页岩油获得突破的一种有利岩相组合类型；纹层状泥质灰岩夹块状白云岩组合具有较好的含油性和脆性.进一步分析不同岩相组合的基本地质特征及含油性特征、厘定主要页岩岩相组合的发育分布特征对陆相断陷盆地页岩油勘探具有现实的指导意义.Abstract: There are no relevant research results and technical methods on the classification of shale lithofacies combinations in continental faulted basins, and the basic characteristics of different shale lithofacies assemblages need to be further clarified. Based on the fine observation and description of the core samples, the basic rock and lithofacies types of the sampled shale sections were identified by observing rock thin sections and performing X-ray-based full-rock mineral diffraction analysis. By analyzing the major mineral composition and major and trace element contents of the samples, information about the sedimentary paleoenvironment of the Jiyang Depression was extracted. According to the basic characteristics of the four paleoenvironment factors (paleoclimate, paleosource, paleosalinity, paleowater depth), the shale stratigraphy of the Upper Sub-member of the Fourth Member of Shahejie Formation (Es4s) in the Dongying Sag was divided into lithofacies combinations based on the principle of sedimentary environment similarity and internal structure uniformity. A lithofacies combination classification scheme based on sedimentary environment control was established, and combined with reservoir and organic geochemical analysis, the main lithofacies combination reservoir and oil-bearing characteristics were clarified. Results show that: (1) Es4s shale in the Dongying Sag is a typical carbonate-rich shale (carbonate shale) and mixed shale, with significant lamination features, various types of pores, well-developed bedding and structural fractures, high organic matter abundance, moderate-to-low evolutionary degree, deep burial depth and high pressure coefficient. (2) Based on sedimentary structural position and paleoenvironment, the Es4s shale in the Dongying Sag can be divided into 8 lithofacies combinations. In the central part of the basin, the matrix carbonate shale lithofacies combination is dominant, with some interbedded block dolomite shale lithofacies combination. In the northern steep slope belt, the sandstone interbedded shale lithofacies combination is mainly developed, and in the southern gentle slope belt, the block dolomite shale interbedded lithofacies combination and the laminar carbonate mudstone and dolomite shale interbedded lithofacies combination are mainly developed. (3) In general, as the main body of fine-grained sediments, the Es4s matrix shale stratigraphy in the center of the Dongying Sag develops from bottom to top: laminar carbonate shale interbedded with block dolomite shale lithofacies, laminar carbonate shale and dolomite shale interbedded lithofacies, laminar carbonate shale and carbonate mudstone interbedded lithofacies, laminar carbonate shale interbedded with carbonate mudstone lithofacies, laminated carbonate shale and carbonate mudstone interbedded lithofacies, laminated carbonate shale interbedded with carbonate mudstone lithofacies, etc., revealing the change in sedimentary paleoenvironment from arid, brackish water, semi-deep water, and less source rocks to semi-wet, semi-brackish water, deep water, and more source rocks. (4) The laminar carbonate shale interbedded with carbonate mudstone lithofacies combination and the laminar carbonate shale and carbonate mudstone interbedded lithofacies combination are the most developed, with a variety of reservoir space types, high proportion of large-diameter pores and good connectivity. The laminar carbonate shale and carbonate mudstone interbedded lithofacies combination has relatively high oil saturation, and is also a favorable lithofacies combination type for achieving breakthroughs in shale oil in the Jiyang Depression. The laminar carbonate shale interbedded with block-type dolomite shale lithofacies combination has good oil-bearing and brittle properties. Further analysis of the basic geological characteristics and oil-bearing characteristics of different lithofacies combinations and determination of the development and distribution characteristics of the main shale lithofacies combinations are of practical significance for exploring shale oil in continental faulted basins.
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Key words:
- shale /
- lithofacies combination /
- sedimentary environment /
- reservoir space /
- oil-bearing /
- faulted basin /
- Dongying Sag /
- petroleum geology
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图 3 东营凹陷牛页1井沙四上亚段页岩层系古环境、储集性、含油性及测井响应特征
Fig. 3. Paleoenvironment, reservoir, oil bearing and logging response characteristics of shale series in the Upper Es4 Sub-member of Well NY1 in Dongying Sag
图 4 纹层状（粗晶）泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层岩心和普通岩石薄片镜下特征
c. 富有机质纹层状泥质灰岩相，纹层特征显著，方解石以细晶和亮晶为主，方解石纹层与富有机质粘土层频繁互层，牛55-斜1井，3 590.17 m；d. 富有机质纹层状灰质泥岩相，局部发育亮晶方解石纹层，牛55-斜1井，3 590.65 m；e. 纹层状泥质灰岩，方解石以泥晶为主，牛55-斜1井，3 592.00 m
Fig. 4. Microscopic images of laminated argillaceous limestone and calcareous mudstone interbedded cores with sparry calcite particle
图 5 纹层状（泥晶）泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层岩心和普通岩石薄片镜下特征
c.富有机质纹层状灰质泥岩相，富有机质粘土层特征明显，石英颗粒顺层分布，樊页平1井，3 469.80 m. d、e. 富有机质纹层状泥质灰岩相，樊页平1井，图b中泥晶方解石纹层与富有机质粘土层界限清晰，3 470.30 m；图c中发育近垂直异常超压缝，内部充填方解石，3 470.70 m
Fig. 5. Microscopic images of laminated argillaceous limestone and calcareous mudstone interbedded cores with micritic calcite particle
图 6 纹层状泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层扫描电镜下储集空间类型
a.大量微孔隙及缝隙分布成层状分布（官斜27井，2 305.85 m）；b，层理缝中充填碳质和粘土矿物，可见黄铁矿零星分布（官斜27井，2 306.86 m）；c，方解石颗粒间可见油膜状原油充填分布（牛55-斜1井，3 588.27 m），C+Clay为有机碳与粘土复合体，Oil为石油，Cc为方解石
Fig. 6. Reservoir space type of laminated argillaceous limestone and calcareous mudstone
图 7 层状泥质灰岩夹灰质泥岩互层岩相组合岩心和普通岩石薄片镜下特征
d.富有机质层状泥质灰岩相，泥晶方解石纹层断续分布或呈透镜状集合体密集产出，方解石以泥晶和细晶为主，牛55-斜1井，3 439.45 m、3 439.88 m；e.层状灰质泥岩，灰泥透镜体分布较分散，岩心及镜下观察基本没有连续纹层发育，3 440.40 m
Fig. 7. Microscopic images of lithofacies combination of layered argillaceous limestone interbedded with calcareous mudstone
图 8 层状泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层组合扫描电镜下储集空间类型
a.孔隙中充填方解石，方解石中溶蚀微孔分布（牛55-斜1井，3 430.45 m）；b.片状伊蒙混层I/S中层间缝隙和微孔隙分布（牛55-斜1井，3 463.84 m）；c.孔隙中充填白云石、石盐晶粒、方解石、片状伊蒙混层、白云石和方解石，其中方解石发育溶蚀孔隙（牛55-斜1井，3 545.10 m）. Cc为方解石，D为白云石，I/S为伊蒙混层，HI为石盐
Fig. 8. Reservoir space type of combination of layered argillaceous limestone and calcareous mudstone observed with scanning electron microscope
图 9 东营凹陷GX27井纹层状泥质灰岩和白云岩互层岩心扫描图片、薄片照片
Fig. 9. Core images and fluorescent images of laminated argillaceous limestone with dolomite, Well GX27
图 10 纹层状泥质灰岩夹纹层状白云岩储集空间类型
a.方解石发育大量不规则溶蚀孔（官17-斜10井，3 154.55 m）；b.白云石具有自行形态周围均发育少量的溶蚀孔隙（官17-斜10井，3 162.70 m）；c.有机质与矿物边缘处发育收缩裂缝（官17-斜10井，2 300.91 m）. Cc为方解石，D为白云石，C为有机质
Fig. 10. Reservoir space type of laminated argillaceous limestone intercalated with laminated dolomite
图 11 官17-斜10井纹层状泥质灰岩夹块状白云岩岩心扫描图片、白云岩荧光扫描及荧光薄片照片
Fig. 11. Core images and fluorescent images of laminated argillaceous limestone with massive dolomite, fluorescent images of thin section of dolomite in Well G17-X10
图 12 块状白云岩储集空间类型
a.孔隙中充填白云石、片状伊蒙混层及白云石，白云石发育溶蚀孔（官斜27井，2 303.18 m）；b.方解石内部及颗粒边缘发育溶蚀孔隙，并被有机质充填（官斜27井，2 304.80 m）；c.孔隙中充填白云石，白云石与有机质边缘发育收缩裂缝（官斜27井，2 312.40 m）. Cc为方解石，D为白云石，C为有机质，I/S为伊蒙混层
Fig. 12. Reservoir space type of massive dolomite
图 13 砂岩夹层型岩相组合储集空间类型
a. 砂岩颗粒间发育粒间孔和溶蚀孔，部分孔隙被碎屑物质充填（坨斜729井，3 509.00 m）；b.富有机质粘土与碎屑颗粒之间发育裂缝（坨斜729井，3 262.30 m）；c. 砂岩颗粒间被方解石充填部分发育不规则溶蚀孔隙（坨斜729井，3 272.85 m）
Fig. 13. Reservoir space type of shale interbedded with sandstone interlayer
图 14 东营凹陷沙四上亚段页岩层系东西向页岩岩相组合连井剖面
Fig. 14. East-West cross section of shale lithofacies combination in the Upper Es4 Sub-member of Dongying Sag
表 1 东营凹陷沙四上亚段主要页岩岩相组合类型
Table 1. Main shale lithofacies combinations in the Upper Es4 Sub-member of Dongying Sag
类型 岩相组合类型 发育层段 体系域 环境特征 基
质
型纹层状泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层 Es4cs3 TST 半干旱/咸水/少物源/半深水 纹层状泥质灰岩夹灰质泥岩 Es4cs2 HST 半湿润/半咸水/少物源/半深水 层状泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层 Es4cs1-2 HST 半干旱/半咸水/较少物源/半深水 纹层状泥质灰岩和白云岩互层 Es4cs3 TST 半干旱/半咸水/少物源/浅水 层状泥质灰岩夹灰质泥岩 Es4cs1 HST 湿润/微咸水/多物源/深水 夹
层
型碳酸盐岩夹层 层状泥质灰岩夹块状白云岩 Es4cs4/Es4cx LST 干旱/咸水/少物源/较浅水 砂岩夹层 （纹）层状灰质泥岩夹层状砂岩 Es4cs TST 半湿润/微咸水/多物源/半深水 层状灰质泥岩夹块状砂岩 Es4cx TST 半湿润/微咸水/多物源/深水 
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表 2 东营凹陷沙四上亚段页岩基本特征
Table 2. Basic characteristics of shale in the Upper Es4 Sub-member of Dongying Sag
井名 埋深（m） 沉积构造 矿物含量（%） TOC
（%）S1
（mg/g）S2
（mg/g）Tmax
（℃）孔隙度（%） 粘土矿物 石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 白云石 黄铁矿 牛55-斜1 3 427.00 层状 30 19 3 38 2 3.95 4.99 14.05 439 6.87 牛55-斜1 3 439.45 层状 22 20 2 50 5 1 2.33 3.97 11.72 440 5.52 牛55-斜1 3 439.88 层状 18 18 2 52 8 2.39 3.91 10.14 441 牛55-斜1 3 447.17 层状 21 26 2 30 13 4.12 6.96 24.46 443 6.07 牛55-斜1 3 466.20 层状 9 23 1 61 4 2.90 4.75 18.84 441 4.99 牛55-斜1 3 552.40 纹层状 12 14 3 60 10 2.17 2.99 11.06 443 牛55-斜1 3 576.90 纹层状 15 15 4 56 7 2.70 2.04 9.23 442 5.65 牛55-斜1 3 579.20 纹层状 21 14 6 45 4 2.56 3.84 11.60 441 6.25 牛55-斜1 3 588.93 纹层状 37 23 10 10 17 3.92 7.00 16.76 442 牛55-斜1 3 592.00 纹层状 9 14 4 61 10 2.28 3.34 9.92 445 牛55-斜1 3 590.65 纹层状 23 17 7 32 8 2.92 4.13 13.81 443 9.15 官17-斜10 3 225.00 层状 41 27 10 9 5 4 官17-斜10 3 225.50 层状 19 34 4 15 17 6 2 官17-斜10 3 225.60 层状 13 33 4 17 13 15 2 官17-斜10 3 226.90 层状 47 24 7 6 9 2 官17-斜10 3 230.05 层状 36 21 6 1 28 4 官17-斜10 3 231.60 层状 40 13 5 36 2 官17-斜10 3 234.60 纹层状 20 16 5 54 2 坨斜729 3 509.00 层状 18 42 7 15 17 1 坨斜729 3 510.85 层状 31 38 6 13 5 6 1 坨斜729 3 513.05 层状 22 35 3 14 19 6 1 坨斜729 3 514.85 层状 16 35 6 18 15 10 FYP1 3 451.65 纹层状 26 25 6 18 20 5 3.67 1.67 14.80 452 FYP1 3 456.19 纹层状 5 28 8 32 23 3 0.62 1.89 2.26 441 FYP1 3 462.95 纹层状 12 16 2 56 12 2 1.02 1.42 3.16 449 FYP1 3 465.08 纹层状 10 12 4 61 12 1 1.01 2.81 4.41 439 FYP1 3 468.81 纹层状 20 19 8 33 8 11 4.69 2.21 15.12 450 FYP1 3 470.55 纹层状 14 18 4 43 17 4 1.31 0.99 3.85 453 FYP1 3 471.40 纹层状 10 17 2 62 7 2 1.43 1.08 4.55 451 FYP1 3 473.57 纹层状 27 32 14 9 11 6 5.37 1.75 20.87 454 GX27 2 300.91 纹层状 14 10 2 55 19 1.96 0.18 11.39 436 GX27 2 301.90 纹层状 17 10 70 3 6.30 1.84 46.08 435 GX27 2 302.54 纹层状 24 16 3 4 9 42 2 5.09 2.46 34.38 427 GX27 2 304.10 纹层状 16 9 3 64 6 2 2.61 0.35 13.33 433 GX27 2 305.02 纹层状 39 24 4 6 24 3 5.96 0.63 45.04 436 GX27 2 305.85 纹层状 8 5 2 83 2 7.97 1.25 44.42 438 GX27 2 310.02 纹层状 16 13 3 4 60 4 6.05 1.95 41.34 437 GX27 2 307.78 纹层状 11 9 79 1 5.03 0.62 26.47 435 GX27 2 308.02 纹层状 43 29 6 11 5 1 5 10.10 0.44 78.14 443 GX27 2 308.40 纹层状 7 5 13 72 3
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表 3 东营凹陷沙四上亚段主要页岩岩相组合类型
Table 3. Main shale lithofacies combinations and characteristics in the Upper Es4 Sub-member of Dongying Sag
岩相组合类型 沉积环境 宏、微观特征 孔隙度（%） 含油性 TOC
（%）S1
（mg/g）孔隙度（%）×
含油饱和度（%）纹层状泥质灰岩和灰质泥岩互层 弱‒静水环境半湿润、少物源、咸水 宏观岩心以明暗相间为主，具纹层结构；镜下纹层显著，多数纹层平直，细/亮晶方解石纹层与富有机质粘土层（或有机质层/粘土层）界限清晰；储集空间以方解石晶间孔及晶间溶蚀孔及伊蒙混层I/S晶间孔为主、含油性较好 7.3~16.4（11.46） 2.17~2.92（2.75） 0.54~11.23（5.57） 0.85~6.57
（3.37）层状泥质灰岩
夹灰质泥岩气候半潮湿、半咸水、半深水‒浅水、较多物源的还原环境. 宏观岩心以深色为主，具层状结构；镜下矿物呈现定向或弱定向组构，灰泥透镜体大小不一、断续分布，局部纹层连续性较好，少量长英质矿物零星分布；储集类型以粘土矿物晶间孔和方解石晶间孔为主，少量石英和长石等粒间孔发育 7.6~11.0（9.15） 2.9~4.12（3.138） 1.07~10.8(3.62) 1.69~7.76
（3.59）纹层状泥质灰岩夹块状白云岩 气候干燥、少物源、咸水的沉积环境 宏观岩心以浅灰色‒灰色为主，具纹层结构；镜下岩石主要为白云石（泥晶结构），少部分泥质，微量黄铁矿，偶见陆源碎屑；储集空间主要发育泥晶白云石晶间孔和少量亮晶方解石晶间孔 9.2~18.9(12.24) 0.15~2.04(1.15) 0.06~1.97(0.37) 0.03~3.43
(1.79)纹层状泥质灰岩和白云岩互层 气候干燥、物源少‒中等、半深水、
咸水‒半咸水的
强还原环境宏观岩心以灰黑色‒褐色为主，具纹层结构；镜下岩石以泥质灰岩为主，同时发育白云岩，含量最高达72%，部分样品混积及交代作用明显；储集类型以白云石晶间孔为主，方解石和白云石边缘或边角处可见不规则溶蚀孔，部分样品可见球粒状黄铁矿晶间孔和有机质收缩缝 10.3~19.1(15.00) 1.77~6.05（5.07） 2.60~19.07(6.20) 0.90~4.71
(2.70)
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