Genesis and Tectonic Significance of Ore Bearing Rock Mass in Kulabiye Cu⁃Ni Deposit, East Junggar, Xinjiang: Evidence from Chronology, Geochemistry and Sr⁃Nd⁃Hf Isotopes
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摘要: 新疆北部是中亚造山带的重要组成部分，具有众多含铜‒镍硫化物的镁铁质‒超镁铁质侵入体，是中国第二大铜镍成矿区.库拉比也铜镍矿床位于新疆阿勒泰富蕴县，是继新疆北部最大的铜镍矿（喀拉通克）发现以来，在东准噶尔北缘铜镍矿找矿的新突破.尽管前人对该矿床的地质、地球物理特征进行了总结，提出了矿床成因及找矿标志，但含矿岩体的成因及构造意义等一些关键问题尚未解决.本文对库拉比也含矿岩体进行了岩石学、年代学、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究.结果表明，库拉比也铜镍矿床含矿岩体主要为辉长岩，表现出轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的右倾模式，富集大离子亲石元素Ba、U、K，亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、Lu.辉长岩的（87Sr/86Sr）i为0.703 948~0.704 109，εNd（t）在5.28~5.74之间，其锆石的176Hf/177Hf和εHf（t）变化较大，分别为0.282 851~0.283 034和+8.6~+15.1，εHf（t）平均值为12.9.主微量元素及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素特征显示源区有壳源物质的加入.库拉比也含矿岩体的形成年龄（约278 Ma）与区域性铜镍矿床的矿化年龄一致（约300~270 Ma），很可能形成于后碰撞伸展环境，其初始岩浆可能与软流圈岩浆上涌并导致被交代的地幔楔的部分熔融与岩浆混合有关.库拉比也成岩成矿时代揭示了早二叠世与铜镍成矿相关的岩浆活动在东准噶尔地区广泛发生，东准噶尔北缘具有很好的铜镍找矿潜力.Abstract: Northern Xinjiang is the second largest Cu-Ni metallogenic area in China as an important part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt with many mafic-ultramafic intrusions containing Cu-Ni sulfide. Kulabiye Cu-Ni deposit located in Fuyun County, Xinjiang is a new breakthrough in Cu-Ni prospecting in the northern margin of East Junggar after the largest Cu-Ni deposit (Kalatongke) in northern Xinjiang. Although the geological and geophysical characteristics of the deposit have been summarized and the genesis and prospecting criteria of deposit have been put forward in the previous studies, some key problems such as the genesis and tectonic significance of the ore bearing rock mass have not been solved. In this paper, the petrology, geochronology, chemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf isotope of Kulabiye ore bearing rock mass are studied. The ore bearing rock mass of Kulabiye Cu-Ni deposit are mainly gabbro. They show the right dipping pattern of LREE enrichment and HREE loss, enriched in LILE Ba, U and K, and depleted in HFSE Nb, Ta, Ti and Lu. The (87Sr/86Sr)i of gabbro is 0.703 948-0.704 109, εNd(t) is between 5.28 and 5.74, 176Hf/177Hf and εHf(t) varies greatly, ranging from 0.282 851 to 0.283 034 and +8.6-+15.1. The average value of εHf(t) is 12.9. Trace elements and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes also show the addition of shell source materials in the source area. The formation age of the Kulabiye complex (about 278 Ma) is consistent with the mineralization age of the regional Cu-Ni deposit (about 300-270 Ma). The Kulabiye complex has probably been formed in a post collisional extensional environment, which is related to the upwelling of asthenosphere magma and the partial melting and magma mixing of the metasomatic mantle wedge. The diagenetic and metallogenic age of Kulabiye also reveals that magmatic activities related to Cu-Ni mineralization in the Early Permian occurred widely in the eastern Junggar area, and the northern margin of the eastern Junggar has superior Cu-Ni prospecting potential.
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Key words:
- Cu⁃Ni sulfide /
- Sr⁃Nd⁃Hf isotope /
- zircon U⁃Pb geochronology /
- post collisional extension /
- East Junggar /
- geochemistry
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图 1 东准噶尔大地构造位置图（a）及库拉比也地区地质简图（b）
图a据冯京和张招崇（2009）；图b据新疆维吾尔自治区地质局，1971，1：20万恰库尔特图幅区域地质矿产报告
Fig. 1. Tectonic map of East Junggar (a) and regional geological map of Kulabiye area (b)
图 2 库拉比也矿区1#杂岩体地质简图（a）及矿区实测地质剖面（b）
图a据新疆地质矿产开发局第二区域地质调查大队，2016，新疆富蕴县库拉比也西铜镍矿调查评价报告；位置见图 1
Fig. 2. Geological map of Kulabiye area (a), geological profile (b) of the mining area
图 3 库拉比也含矿岩石及矿石镜下照片
a.辉长岩；b.块状矿石；c.辉长岩镜下正交偏光照片；d.辉长岩镜下单偏光照片；e.辉长闪长岩镜下正交偏光照片；f.矿石镜下反光照片. Px.辉石；Hbl.角闪石；Pl.斜长石；Ccp.黄铜矿；Pn.镍黄铁矿；Py.黄铁矿
Fig. 3. Ore bearing rock mass of Kulabiye deposit and microscopic photos
图 7 库拉比也含矿辉长岩稀土元素配分曲线及微量元素蛛网图
图据Sun and McDonough（1989）
Fig. 7. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns and continental primitive mantle-normalized multi-element distribution patterns of Kulabiye gabbro
图 8 库拉比也辉长岩εNd(t)‒(87Sr/86Sr)i图解（a）及εNd(t)‒t图解（b）
东准噶尔数据引自Liu and Liu（2014）；喀拉通克岩体数据引自冯延清（2018）；EM I、EM II.富集地幔；MORB.洋中脊玄武岩；HIMU.高U/Pb比值的地幔；东准噶尔数据引自Zhang et al.（2009）；阿尔泰数据引自Wang et al.（2009）；中元古代地壳、北疆地区古生代洋壳数据引自韩宝福等（2006）和Hu et al.（2000）
Fig. 8. εNd(t)‒(87Sr/86Sr)i (a) and εNd(t)‒t (b) diagrams of Kulabiye gabbro
表 1 库拉比也含矿辉长岩LA⁃ICP⁃MS锆石U⁃Pb分析结果
Table 1. LA⁃ICP⁃MS zircon U⁃Pb isotopic data of Kulabiye gabbro
Spot Pb（10‒6） Th（10‒6） U（10‒6） Th/U 比值 年龄（Ma） 207Pb/206Pb ±1σ 207Pb/235U ±1σ 206Pb/238U ±1σ 207Pb/235U ±1σ 206Pb/238U ±1σ KL1-01 14 176 253 0.69 0.052 0 0.001 2 0.314 4 0.006 9 0.044 1 0.000 5 277.6 5.4 277.9 3.2 KL1-02 10 77 203 0.38 0.052 9 0.001 1 0.312 0 0.006 7 0.042 8 0.000 4 275.7 5.2 270.0 2.5 KL1-03 14 145 266 0.54 0.053 1 0.001 1 0.320 1 0.006 8 0.043 7 0.000 4 282.0 5.3 275.9 2.6 KL1-04 23 262 410 0.64 0.052 7 0.000 9 0.324 8 0.005 8 0.044 7 0.000 5 285.6 4.4 282.0 2.9 KL1-06 23 241 413 0.58 0.053 1 0.000 7 0.329 7 0.005 3 0.045 0 0.000 4 289.3 4.0 283.6 2.6 KL1-07 2 13 37 0.35 0.055 3 0.003 5 0.334 9 0.019 0 0.045 0 0.000 8 293.3 14.5 283.9 4.8 KL1-08 7 64 126 0.51 0.051 0 0.001 5 0.307 6 0.008 8 0.044 0 0.000 4 272.3 6.8 277.5 2.7 KL1-09 19 208 349 0.60 0.051 7 0.000 9 0.315 1 0.006 0 0.044 2 0.000 5 278.1 4.6 279.0 2.8 KL1-10 12 114 229 0.50 0.052 7 0.001 3 0.320 0 0.007 6 0.044 1 0.000 4 281.9 5.8 278.3 2.5 KL1-11 4 30 72 0.41 0.055 0 0.002 5 0.336 6 0.015 8 0.044 5 0.000 7 294.6 12.0 280.7 4.0 KL1-12 11 88 214 0.41 0.052 3 0.001 1 0.326 4 0.007 8 0.045 2 0.000 4 286.8 6.0 285.0 2.8 KL1-15 5 42 99 0.43 0.049 5 0.001 9 0.305 2 0.011 2 0.045 0 0.000 5 270.5 8.7 284.0 3.1 KL1-16 12 187 211 0.88 0.058 1 0.001 3 0.347 8 0.007 8 0.043 5 0.000 4 303.0 5.9 274.2 2.4 KL1-17 14 167 251 0.67 0.053 6 0.001 3 0.329 4 0.008 1 0.044 6 0.000 5 289.1 6.2 281.5 2.8 KL1-18 12 136 233 0.58 0.049 0 0.001 0 0.293 5 0.006 1 0.043 5 0.000 4 261.3 4.8 274.7 2.7 KL1-19 8 100 154 0.65 0.050 6 0.001 5 0.300 7 0.008 7 0.043 1 0.000 5 267.0 6.8 272.2 2.9 KL1-22 12 103 232 0.44 0.051 6 0.001 2 0.313 7 0.007 5 0.044 1 0.000 5 277.0 5.8 278.2 2.8 KL1-23 9 92 171 0.54 0.055 4 0.001 6 0.329 0 0.010 0 0.043 1 0.000 4 288.8 7.6 272.0 2.7 KL1-24 10 115 170 0.68 0.065 1 0.001 7 0.386 9 0.010 2 0.043 1 0.0005 332.1 7.5 272.1 2.9 KL1-25 16 211 274 0.77 0.054 3 0.001 1 0.334 4 0.006 7 0.044 8 0.000 5 292.9 5.1 282.3 3.0 
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表 2 库拉比也含矿辉长岩主量及微量元素组成
Table 2. Chemical composition of major and trace elements of Kulabiye gabbro
样品编号 K1-2 KL-7 K1-8 ZK4002-14-3 ZK4003-14-1 ZK4003-14-7 ZK4003-15-2 岩性 辉长岩 SiO2 49.71 50.96 48.11 47.59 46.21 47.61 46.93 Al2O3 15.22 15.13 14.87 14.36 15.28 14.51 14.24 CaO 4.89 4.69 2.69 6.96 7.04 7.23 6.91 TFe2O3 10.82 10.59 15.19 17.99 19.45 16.05 19.72 K2O 1.92 1.55 1.96 0.76 0.76 0.74 0.72 MgO 4.48 4.38 3.88 3.76 3.28 3.77 3.75 MnO 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 Na2O 4.51 4.77 4.68 3.05 3.53 3.36 3.00 P2O5 0.77 0.76 0.87 0.66 0.57 0.63 0.65 TiO2 2.24 2.22 2.46 1.90 1.79 1.93 1.92 LOI 5.22 4.08 4.27 1.39 0.53 2.56 0.56 Total 99.97 99.31 99.16 98.59 98.59 98.57 98.57 A/NK 1.60 1.59 1.51 2.46 2.31 2.29 2.49 A/CNK 0.83 0.84 1.01 0.78 0.79 0.74 0.78 Mg# 42 42 31 27 23 30 25 Sc 21.5 21.5 23.4 21.1 17.9 20.9 21.2 V 195 192 221 229 206 240 239 Co 29.4 30.0 103 114 117 86.6 132 Ni 53.4 42.8 1 740 1 974 2 125 1 403 2 438 Cu 281 174 2 380 4 253 4 968 3 193 5 046 Zn 136 135 162 136 132 155 144 Ga 22.1 21.7 21.4 18.1 18.7 19.5 18.6 Rb 27.2 22.1 25.9 12.4 10.7 10.6 11.3 Sr 786 759 621 617 640 695 607 Y 44.1 44.6 48.9 35.1 33.1 35.9 35.1 Zr 482 470 443 219 248 258 216 Nb 17.1 17.4 16.8 15.8 14.7 17.8 15.1 Cs 0.71 0.41 0.49 0.93 0.95 1.10 0.93 Ba 1 172 768 727 363 389 456 365 La 40.3 39.6 34.3 29.5 28.2 30.2 29.9 Ce 90.1 89.5 84.5 62.5 60.5 63.4 63.3 Pr 12.30 12.10 11.40 8.47 7.82 8.58 8.66 Nd 56.7 59.5 55.2 34.4 31.8 34.9 35.0 Sm 10.70 10.40 11.10 7.86 7.00 7.78 7.81 Eu 2.87 2.75 3.01 2.22 2.04 2.30 2.31 Gd 11.10 10.70 11.70 7.94 7.19 7.99 7.97 Tb 1.74 1.71 1.86 1.14 1.03 1.12 1.12 Dy 10.2 9.96 10.8 6.25 5.76 6.63 6.53 Ho 2.04 2.03 2.14 1.23 1.13 1.23 1.20 Er 5.36 5.29 5.68 3.18 3.06 3.35 3.24 Tm 0.81 0.80 0.83 0.45 0.45 0.48 0.46 Yb 4.84 4.81 4.91 2.81 2.76 3.05 2.89 Lu 0.78 0.76 0.77 0.43 0.43 0.48 0.44 Hf 9.91 9.53 8.93 4.76 5.56 5.60 4.89 Ta 1.10 1.08 1.05 0.63 0.60 0.73 0.62 Pb 4.53 6.57 3.08 46.20 40.50 34.70 53.50 Th 2.60 2.61 2.06 1.44 1.39 1.35 1.49 U 1.85 2.92 3.16 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.54 ∑REE 250 250 238 168 159 171 171 （La/Yb）N 5.97 5.91 5.01 7.52 7.32 7.10 7.42 δEu 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.89
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表 3 库拉比也含矿岩辉长岩Sr⁃Nd同位素组成
Table 3. Sr⁃Nd isotopic compositions of Kulabiye gabbro
样品编号 ZK4002-14-3 ZK4003-14-1 ZK4003-14-7 ZK4003-15-2 t（Ma） 278 278 278 278 Rb 12.4 10.7 10.6 11.3 Sr 617 640 695 607 87Rb/86Sr 0.0863 0.070 9 0.132 8 0.081 0 87Sr/86Sr 0.704 292 0.704 234 0.704 638 0.704 306 2σ 0.000 004 0.000 004 0.000 005 0.000 004 （87Sr/86Sr）i 0.703 948 0.703 952 0.704 109 0.703 983 Sm 7.86 7 7.78 7.81 Nd 34.4 31.8 34.9 35 147Sm/144Nd 0.133 1 0.133 3 0.126 6 0.138 3 143Nd/144Nd 0.512 815 0.512 816 0.512 78 0.512 816 2σ 0.000 008 0.000 007 0.000 009 0.000 007 （143Nd/144Nd）i 0.512 571 0.512 572 0.512 548 0.512 563 εNd（t） 5.73 5.74 5.28 5.56 TDM（Ma） 637 637 651 679
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表 4 库拉比也含矿岩辉长岩锆石Lu⁃Hf同位素分析结果
Table 4. Lu⁃Hf isotopic composition of zircons from Kulabiye gabbro
样品点号 t（Ma） 176Yb/177Hf 176Lu/177Hf 176Hf/177Hf 2σ εHf(0) εHf(t) 2σ TDM1 fLu/Hf KL1-01 278 0.057 1 0.002 1 0.283 018 0.000 027 8.7 14.4 1.0 341 ‒0.94 KL1-02 270 0.045 3 0.001 6 0.282 939 0.000 020 5.9 11.6 0.7 450 ‒0.95 KL1-03 276 0.058 8 0.002 1 0.282 959 0.000 025 6.6 12.3 0.9 428 ‒0.94 KL1-04 282 0.047 0 0.001 6 0.282 948 0.000 020 6.2 12.1 0.7 438 ‒0.95 KL1-06 284 0.059 4 0.002 0 0.282 970 0.000 023 7.0 12.9 0.8 411 ‒0.94 KL1-07 284 0.029 7 0.001 0 0.282 919 0.000 022 5.2 11.3 0.8 472 ‒0.97 KL1-08 277 0.039 1 0.001 4 0.282 851 0.000 023 2.8 8.6 0.8 574 ‒0.96 KL1-09 279 0.059 7 0.002 1 0.282 952 0.000 028 6.4 12.1 1.0 437 ‒0.94 KL1-10 278 0.043 7 0.001 6 0.283 001 0.000 030 8.1 13.9 1.0 361 ‒0.95 KL1-11 281 0.029 2 0.001 0 0.283 015 0.000 022 8.6 14.6 0.8 336 ‒0.97 KL1-12 285 0.071 5 0.002 5 0.282 940 0.000 027 5.9 11.7 1.0 460 ‒0.93 KL1-15 284 0.022 1 0.000 8 0.283 027 0.000 025 9.0 15.1 0.9 318 ‒0.97 KL1-16 274 0.029 4 0.001 0 0.283 020 0.000 022 8.8 14.6 0.8 329 ‒0.97 KL1-17 281 0.103 0 0.003 5 0.283 010 0.000 030 8.4 14.0 1.1 367 ‒0.89 KL1-18 275 0.057 5 0.002 0 0.283 034 0.000 026 9.3 14.9 0.9 317 ‒0.94 KL1-19 272 0.044 4 0.001 5 0.282 957 0.000 026 6.6 12.3 0.9 423 ‒0.95 KL1-22 278 0.032 6 0.001 2 0.282 990 0.000 024 7.7 13.6 0.8 374 ‒0.96 KL1-23 272 0.042 8 0.001 7 0.282 985 0.000 027 7.5 13.2 1.0 386 ‒0.95 KL1-24 272 0.041 7 0.001 5 0.282 961 0.000 021 6.7 12.4 0.8 418 ‒0.95 KL1-25 282 0.062 7 0.002 2 0.282 956 0.000 022 6.5 12.3 0.8 433 ‒0.93
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表 5 新疆北部主要铜镍矿床年代学统计
Table 5. Chronological statistics of main Cu-Ni deposits in northern Xinjiang
地区 矿床名称 定年对象 定年方法 年龄（Ma） 资料来源 东准噶尔 喀拉通克铜镍矿 Y1岩体辉长岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 274~287 韩宝福等，2004 Y3岩体苏长岩 SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 283.3±1.3 焦建刚等，2014 Y5岩体辉长岩 SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 320.5±2.5 冯延清，2018 G21岩体辉长岩 SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 281.1±1.5 冯延清，2018 Y1岩体矿石 Re-Os 290.2±6.9 张作衡等，2005 Y2岩体矿石 Re-Os 282.5±4.8 张作衡等，2005 Y1岩体东部矿石 Re-Os 305±15 Han et al., 2007 科克别克提铜镍矿床 辉长岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 290~291 张永和徐兴旺，2019 辉长岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 330.3±0.7 单立华等，2018 闪长岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 328.9±0.6 裴圣良等，2020 库拉比也铜镍矿床 辉长岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 278±2.2 本文 东天山 黄山铜镍矿 辉橄岩 SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 283.8±3.4 秦克章等，2002 黄山东铜镍矿 矿石 Re-Os 282±20 毛景文等，2002 辉长岩 SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 274±3 韩宝福等，2004 香山铜镍矿 辉长岩 SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 285±1.2 秦克章等，2002 白石泉铜镍矿 辉橄岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 281.2±0.9 毛启贵等，2006 天宇铜镍矿 辉橄岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 290.2±3.4 唐冬梅等，2009 黄山南铜镍矿 辉长岩 SIMS锆石U-Pb 278~282 Mao et al., 2016 香山西矿床 辉长岩 SIMS锆石U-Pb 278.6~279.6 Shi et al., 2019 路北铜镍矿 辉长岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 277.8~287.9 赵冰冰等，2018 月牙湾铜镍矿 辉长岩 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 281~282 Sun et al., 2019
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