Carbonate Reservoirs Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Beikang Basin, Southern South China Sea
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摘要: 在南海扩张过程中微板块断裂、碰撞、拼接的构造背景下，南海南部中新世以来发育碳酸盐岩台地及生物礁，经过后期成岩改造形成了大量碳酸盐岩储层并蕴藏着丰富的油气资源.为了了解该海域碳酸盐岩储层的发育特征和成因机制，以北康盆地高精度二维地震资料为基础并结合邻区岩心、薄片资料，对该区域碳酸盐岩储层发育的类型、储集空间、成岩作用以及控制因素开展了系统研究.结果表明，南海南部碳酸盐岩储层类型多且储集空间丰富，主要有两类，分别为礁滩储层和不整合面岩溶储层；发育多种孔隙类型，包括原生孔隙和次生孔隙，以次生孔隙为主，包括铸模孔、粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔和晶内溶孔等. 该区域碳酸盐岩储集空间主要受白垩化作用、溶蚀作用和白云岩化的建设性改造，并且主要受构造、沉积、古气候和流体活动因素的控制.北康盆地碳酸盐岩可以作为良好的储层，并具有良好的油气成藏条件，能形成“下生上储”的碳酸盐岩油气藏.Abstract: In the context of the fracture, collision, and splicing of microplates during the expansion of the South China Sea, carbonate platforms and reefs have developed in the southern South China Sea since the Miocene. After later diagenetic transformation, a large number of carbonate reservoirs have been formed and contain rich hydrocarbon resources. In order to understand the development characteristics and genetic mechanism of carbonate reservoirs in this area, a systematic study was carried out on the types, storage spaces, diagenesis and control factors of carbonate reservoirs in this area based on high-precision 2D seismic data and combined with core and thin section data. The analysis shows that there are many types of carbonate reservoirs in the southern part of the South China Sea, and there are mainly three types, namely reef and shoal reservoir, karst reservoir and dolomite reservoir. A variety of pore types are developed, including primary pore and secondary pore, which is dominated by secondary pore, including mold pore, intracrystalline dissolved pore, intergranular pore and intracrystalline pore. The carbonate reservoir space in this region is mainly reconstructed by chalkization, dissolution and dolomization. The development of carbonate reservoirs is mainly controlled by tectonic, sedimentary, paleoclimate and fluid activities, and can be used as a good reservoir. The Beikang Basin has favorable hydrocarbon conditions and can form carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs with "lower generation and upper storage".
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图 2 北康盆地礁滩储层地震剖面解释
Fig. 2. Seismic profile interpretation of reef-shoal reservoir in Beikang Basin, southern South China Sea
图 3 北康盆地碳酸盐岩潜山岩溶储层地震剖面解释
Fig. 3. Seismic profile interpretation of buried hill karst reservoir in Beikang Basin, southern South China Sea
图 4 北康盆地碳酸盐岩层间岩溶储层地震剖面解释
Fig. 4. Seismic profile interpretation of interlayer karst reservoirs in Beikang Basin, southern South China Sea
图 5 北康盆地碳酸盐岩层间岩溶表层风化带和垂向渗流带地震剖面特征
Fig. 5. Seismic profile characteristics of interlayer karst surface weathering zone and vertical seepage zone in Beikang Basin in southern South China Sea
图 6 北康盆地不整合岩溶储层识别特征
Fig. 6. Seismic identification characteristics of karst reservoirs in Beikang Basin, southern South China Sea
图 7 南海南部南康台地碳酸盐岩白垩化作用形成大量孔隙（据Rahman et al., 2011）
Fig. 7. The carbonate rocks of the Nankang platform in the southern South China Sea formed a large number of pores through chalkization(from Rahman et al., 2011)
图 8 曾母盆地南康台地碳酸盐岩储层储集空间类型及特征
据Zampetti et al.（2003）和Vahrenkamp et al.（2004）. a. 亮晶生物碎屑灰岩，Jintan-3井，1 682.75 m，见大的生物碎粒内溶孔与小的粒内溶孔呈网状相连；b. 亮晶生物碎屑灰岩，Jintan-3井，1 830 m，泥质含量少，见生物碎屑内的结构空腔；c. 亮晶生物碎屑灰岩，发育生物礁碎屑的粒内溶孔；d. 细晶白云岩，见残余阴影，粒间孔和粒间溶孔发育；e. 泥晶颗粒灰岩，裂缝中见亮晶方解石胶结；f. 亮晶颗粒灰岩，见缝合线及次生溶孔
Fig. 8. The types and characteristics of carbonate reservoirs at Nankang platform of Zengmu Basin
图 9 南海南部曾母盆地南康台地白云石特征（据Wilson et al., 2013）
Fig. 9. The characteristics of dolomite formed by recrystallization of Nankang platform at Zengmu Basin in southern South China Sea(from Wilson et al., 2013)
图 10 南海南部曾母盆地南康台地Mega碳酸盐台地及流体活动（据Vahrenkamp et al., 2004修改）
Fig. 10. Mega carbonate platform and fluid flow at Nankang platform of Zengmu Basin in the southern South China Sea (modified after Vahrenkamp et al., 2004)
图 11 北康盆地中新世碳酸盐台地分布及有利储集区预测
Fig. 11. Distribution of the Miocene carbonate platform and prediction of favorable reservoir areas in Beikang Basin
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