Formation Mechanism and Development Potential of Geothermal Resources along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway
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摘要:
川藏铁路从西至东依次穿越了拉萨-喜马拉雅活动带、昌都-川西造山带与四川盆地3个大地构造单元，其沿线地热资源成因机制的研究对于陆-陆碰撞型地热域不同类型地热田展布规律的认识及其开发利用有着重要的理论与现实意义.本文在系统总结前人成果的基础上，根据区域构造演化、构造变形对地热田成因要素的影响，对比了川藏铁路沿线地热田在热源、热储构造与水运移模式方面的差异性.川藏铁路沿线的地热域依照变形强度分别以怒江断裂带、龙门山断裂带为界，从西至东划分为板缘碰撞造山型、板内逆冲推覆型、盆内稳定坳陷型3个地热带，分别发育高温岩浆岩型、中-低温断裂深循环型、低温坳陷盆地型3类地热田，其大地热流值从西至东逐步减少(即从138.2 mW/m2→71 mW/m2→51 mW/m2); 热储的构造模型可归纳为伸展地堑型、冲起构造型、花状构造型与隐伏背斜型，热储的层位亦逐渐变老、埋藏变深(即从Q+J-T3→T2-3→T1-2).尽管各类地热田有着相同的水源(主要来自大气降水)，基本相似的水化学类型(以Cl-Na型、HCO3-Na型为主)与矿化度(2 500~3 500 mg /L)，但有着完全不同的地热水运移模式，尤其在水循环深度、壳源流体的贡献、垂向/水平径流路径等方面.依据不同类型地热田资源禀赋的差异，分别建议川藏铁路沿线地热开发的主要方式为: 林芝-拉萨段的高温发电、供暖与制冷; 雅安-林芝段的中低温发电、供暖与制冷; 以及成都-雅安段的低温供暖、温泉洗浴等.
Abstract:The Sichuan-Tibet Railway from west to east passes through three geotectonic units including the Lhasa-Himalayan activity zone, Qamdo-Sanjiang orogeny and Sichuan basin. The study of the genetic mechanism of geothermal resources along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway is of great theoretical and practical significance for the understanding of its distribution and the development of geothermal fields among the land-land collision geothermal domain. On the basis of previous results, the differences between the heat source, reservoir structure and water transport mode of the geothermal fields along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway are discussed considering of the influence of regional structural evolution and structural deformation on the causes of them. According to the extrusion deformation strength, the geothermal domain along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway is divided into three geothermal belts by the Nujiang fault and the Longmenshan fault from west to east. The three geothermal belts are the collision-orogeny type of plate edge, the thrust type of interpolate and the stable depression type of inter basin, and develop 3 types of geothermal fields respectively, namely, the magma-rock type of high temperature, the fracture deep-cycle type of medium-low temperature, and the depression-basin type of low temperature. The terrestrial heat flow values of the three geothermal belts is gradually reduced from west to east (i.e. from 138.2 mW/m2 to 71 mW/m2, then to 51 mW/m2); their structural models of reservoir are respectively the extended grabens, the pup-up structures, the flower structures and the hidden anticlines, and the layer of thermal reservoir is gradually older and deeper (i.e. from Q+J-T3 toT2-3 then to T1-2). Although all kinds of geothermal fields have the same source of water (mainly from atmospheric precipitation), basically similar hydrochemical types (mainly Cl-Na type, HCO3-Na type) and mineralization degree (2 500- 3 500 mg/L), they have completely different geothermal water transport modes, especially in water circulation depth, contribution of shell source fluid, vertical/horizontal runoff path, etc. In terms of the differences in the resource endowment of different types of geothermal fields, it is suggested that the main ways of geothermal development along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway are high-temperature power generation, heating and cooling in Nyingchi-Lhasa section, medium-and low-temperature power generation, heating and cooling in Ya'an-Nyingchi section, and low-temperature heating and hot-spring-bath in Chengdu-Ya' an section.
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图 1 川藏铁路沿线及邻区地热田分布(据刘峰等, 2020修改)
Fig. 1. Distribution diagram of geothermal fields along Sichuan-Tibet Railway and its adjacent areas (modified by Liu et al., 2020)
图 2 川藏铁路沿线及邻区大地热流分布
据胡圣标等(2001)、姜光政等(2016)、Zhang et al.(2017)、徐明等(2011)编制
Fig. 2. Terrestrial heat flow distribution diagram along Sichuan-Tibet Railway and its adjacent areas
图 3 川藏铁路沿线及邻区区域地质简图
1.第四系; 2.白垩系; 3.侏罗系; 4.三叠系; 5.中生界; 6.二叠系; 7.石炭系-二叠系; 8.石炭系; 9.泥盆系; 10.上古生界; 11.前泥盆系; 12.志留系; 13.奥陶系-志留系; 14.奥陶系; 15.下古生界; 16.元古宇; 17.太古宇; 18.中生代杂岩; 19.喜山期花岗岩; 20.燕山晚期-喜山期花岗岩; 21.燕山期花岗岩; 22.华力西期-燕山期花岗岩; 23.元古宙花岗岩; 24.闪长岩类; 25.超铁镁质岩类; 26.碱性岩类; 27.国界; 28.省界; 29.水系; 30.断裂; 31.川藏铁路
Fig. 3. Simple diagram of regional geology along Sichuan-Tibet Railway and its adjacent areas
图 4 川藏铁路沿线典型构造带地层柱状图对比
据曾庆高等(2020)、李祥辉等(1997)、费琪等(1996)编制
Fig. 4. Stratigraphic column of the typical structural belts along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway
图 5 四川盆地西缘褶皱冲断带构造分带特征
Fig. 5. Structural characteristics of the fold-thrust zone in the west edge of Sichuan basin
图 6 北川地热田地热水运移模式(据屈泽伟等，2021修改)
Fig. 6. Hot water transport mode of Beichuan geothermal fields (modified by Qu et al., 2021)
图 7 康定雅拉河地热田地热水运移模式
Fig. 7. Hot water transport mode of Yala-river geothermal fields in Kangding
图 8 古堆地热田地热水运移模式图(据王思琪，2017略改)
Fig. 8. Hot water transport mode of Gudui geothermal field (modified by Wang et al., 2017)
图 9 喜马拉雅陆-陆碰撞型地热域地热地质剖面简图(据Zhang et al., 2017; 王贵玲等, 2020编制)
Fig. 9. Briefly geothermal geological profile of the Himalayan land-land collision geothermal domain (modified by Wang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2017)
表 1 川藏铁路沿线及邻区典型地热钻孔测试数据
Table 1. Test data of typical geothermal boreholes along Sichuan-Tibet Railway and its adjacent areas
序号 井号 地名 资源类型 产水层段(m) 热储层位 井口温度(℃) 水化学类型 热储温度(℃) 资料来源 1 川5 自贡 坳陷盆地型 1 540 T2白云岩 Cl-Na 65 据黄尚瑶等, 2001 2 BJ01 北川 1 005~1 800 T1-2白云岩 39.0 Cl-Na 39.6 据屈泽伟等，2021 3 DZK02 康定 断裂-深循环型 1 177.0~1 425.5 T1-2z砂板岩 116 HCO3-Na 145 本文数据 4 SCQ132 理塘 地表温泉 T3q砂板岩 86 HCO3·SO4-Na 150 据孙东等，2019 5 SC103-3 巴塘 地表温泉 T3t砂板岩 85.8 HCO3-Na 177 6 XZQ201 林芝 地表温泉 T+J杂岩 75.6 HCO3-Na 166 据刘峰等, 2020 7 ZK303 古堆 岩浆岩型 230 J2r炭质板岩 178 Cl -Na 205 据王思琪，2017 8 ZK355 羊八井 180~280 Q砂砾岩 119 Cl-Na 173 据多吉，2003 9 ZK4002 羊八井 785~2 006 Anznn变质岩 204 Cl-Na 278 
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