Characteristics of Shale Fracture Veins and Paleo-Pressure Evolution in Normal Pressure Shale Gas Zone, Southeast Margin of Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 为了查明川东南盆缘常压页岩气区五峰组页岩裂缝脉体记录的古温度及古压力特征，揭示常压页岩气区储层压力降低的主要影响因素和页岩气散失机理.以松坎地区五峰组黑色碳质页岩裂缝脉体内的流体包裹体为主要研究对象，通过显微镜光学观察、阴极发光测试、包裹体测温和激光拉曼分析，结合埋藏-生烃-热史模拟，对裂缝脉体中的气-液两相盐水包裹体和高密度甲烷包裹体进行了系统研究.研究表明：松坎地区五峰组裂缝中主要存在着两期脉体充填，M1裂缝脉体形成时间距今约103~86 Ma，脉体较宽、阴极发光颜色为橘红色，其内甲烷包裹体捕获压力为82.6~91.5 MPa，反映燕山中期盆缘地区页岩气藏处在超压状态；M2裂缝脉体生长于M1裂缝脉体两侧，形成时间距今约90~72 Ma，脉体较窄、阴极发光颜色为暗红色，其内甲烷包裹体捕获压力为43.6~47.3 MPa.综合分析认为，川东南盆缘松坎地区五峰组在燕山期经历了由超压至常压的转变.燕山期以来的抬升剥蚀与褶皱变形导致地层内大量页岩气沿着滑脱层发生侧向运移和散失，地层压力快速下降.燕山晚期时，盆内稳定构造区页岩气藏仍处于超压状态，而盆缘地区已降至常压.Abstract: This study aims to investigate the characteristics of paleo-temperature and paleo-pressure of fluid inclusions in shale fracture veins of Wufeng Formation, and to understand the main influencing factors of the shale reservoir pressure reduction and the mechanism of shale gas loss in the normal pressure shale gas zone, southeast margin of Sichuan basin. Taking the fluid inclusions in the fracture veins of the black carbonaceous shale of the Wufeng Formation in Songkan region as the main research object, the gas-liquid saline inclusion and high-density methane inclusion with the records of paleo-temperature and paleo-pressure characteristics in fracture veins were studied systematically by the microscope optical observation, cathodoluminescence (CL) test, inclusion temperature measurement and laser Raman analysis, combined with burial-hydrocarbon generation-thermal history simulation. The results show that there are mainly two phases of vein filling in the fractures of Wufeng Formation in Songkan region. The first phase fracture veins (M1) was formed about 103-86 Ma ago, which are wide in size and with orange-red CL color. The capture pressure of methane inclusions in the fractures recorded by the M1 vein is 82.6-91.5 MPa, reflecting that the shale gas reservoir in the basin margin region was still in the overpressure state at the medium stage of Yanshanian. The second-stage fracture veins (M2) grew along both sides of the first-stage fracture veins, and the formation time was about 90-72 Ma. The M2 veins are relative narrower than M1, and with dark-red CL color. And the trapping pressure of methane inclusions in M2 veins is calculated to be 43.6-47.3 MPa. Comprehensive analysis suggests that the Wufeng Formation in the Songkan region of the Southeast margin of Sichuan basin experienced a transition from overpressure to normal pressure during the Yanshanian. The uplift, denudation and fold deformation since the Yanshanian have caused a large amount of shale gas to migrate and dissipate laterally along the detachment zone within shales of Wufeng Formation and lower section of Longmaxi Formation, and leading to the formation pressure decreased rapidly. During the late Yanshan period, the shale gas reservoir in the stable structural zone was still in overpressure stage, while the basin margin region had dropped to normal pressure.
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图 1 川东南松坎复向斜区域位置及剖面图
Fig. 1. Regional location map and cross-section map of Songkan synclinorium, Southeast Sichuan basin
图 2 川东南松坎地区ZIY1井五峰组‒龙马溪组地层岩性综合柱状图及裂缝脉体特征
Fig. 2. Comprehensive lithology histogram and fracture vein characteristics of Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in well ZIY1 of Songkan region, Southeast Sichuan basin
图 3 川东南松坎地区ZIY1井五峰组页岩裂缝脉体岩相学和阴极发光特征
a.16张5×10倍视域下全薄片单偏光照片拼接图；b. 与图a对应的16张CL照片拼接图；c、d、e. 对应图a中白色方框a、b、c区域单偏光照片；f、g、h. 与图c、d、e对应的CL照片
Fig. 3. Petrography and CL characteristics of fracture veins in Wufeng Formation from well ZIY1 of Songkan region, Southeast Sichuan basin
图 4 川东南松坎地区ZIY1井裂缝脉体盐水包裹体和甲烷包裹体形态与产出特征
a.M1方解石内盐水包裹体，单偏光，2 177.82 m；b. M1方解石内盐水包裹体，单偏光，2 180.03 m；c. M1石英内甲烷包裹体，单偏光，2 180.03 m；d. M2方解石内盐水包裹体，单偏光，2 177.82 m；e. M2方解石内盐水包裹体，单偏光，2 180.03 m；f. M2石英内甲烷包裹体，单偏光，2 180.03 m
Fig. 4. Morphology and occurrence of saline inclusions and methane inclusions in fracture veins from well ZIY1 in Songkan region, Southeast Sichuan basin
图 5 川东南松坎地区ZIY1井五峰组盐水包裹体均一温度与盐度关系图（a）和均一温度直方图（b）
Fig. 5. Cross plot of homogenization temperature and salinity (a) and homogenization temperature histogram (b) for fluid inclusion in Wufeng Formation from well ZIY1 of Songkan region, Southeast Sichuan basin
图 6 川东南松坎地区ZIY1井五峰组甲烷包裹体激光拉曼图谱
a.M1方解石内甲烷包裹体激光拉曼图谱，300光栅；b.M2内甲烷包裹体及Ne灯激光拉曼图谱，1 800光栅；c.M1石英内甲烷包裹体激光拉曼图谱，300光栅；d.M1内甲烷包裹体激光拉曼图谱，1 800光栅
Fig. 6. Laser Raman spectrogram of methane inclusions in Wufeng Formation from well ZIY1 of Songkan region, Southeast Sichuan basin
图 7 川东南松坎地区ZIY1井五峰组‒龙马溪组埋藏史‒热史模拟、生烃史模拟
Fig. 7. Simulation of burial history-thermal history, hydrocarbon generation history in Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation from well ZIY1 of Songkan region, Southeast Sichuan basin
图 8 川东南松坎地区五峰组裂缝脉体生长过程模式
a.燕山早期微裂缝形成及流体充注阶段；b.M1方解石形成阶段；c.M2方解石形成阶段
Fig. 8. A model diagram of the formation process of fracture veins in Wufeng Formation of Songkan region, Southeast Sichuan basin
图 9 川东南松坎地区ZIY1井流体活动时间
Fig. 9. Time of fluid activity in well ZIY1 of Songkan region, Southeast Sichuan basin
图 10 川东南地区燕山中期‒晚期五峰组地层压力演化
Fig. 10. Formation pressure evolution of Wufeng Formation in the middle to late Yanshan period, Southeast Sichuan basin
表 1 川东南松坎地区ZIY1井五峰组M1、M2脉体内甲烷包裹体拉曼峰位移及密度计算结果
Table 1. The displacement and density calculation results of the Raman peaks of methane inclusions in the M1 and M2 veins in Wufeng Formation from well ZIY1 of Songkan region, Southeast Sichuan basin
样品编号 期次 测点数 υd（cm-1） D（cm-1） ρ0（g/cm3） ρ（g/cm3） S1-01 M1 8 2 909.416~2 910.034 ‒6.351~‒5.734 0.232~0.268 0.259 S2-01 M1 5 2 909.298~2 909.564 ‒6.470~‒6.203 0.259~0.276 0.268 S2-02 M1 8 2 909.274~2 909.606 ‒6.493~‒6.161 0.256~0.278 0.265 S1-02 M2 5 2 909.749~2 910.506 ‒5.671~‒4.914 0.192~0.229 0.206 S1-03 M2 4 2 909.853~2 910.511 ‒5.567~‒4.909 0.193~0.224 0.213 S2-03 M2 6 2 909.869~2 910.569 ‒5.550~‒4.851 0.189~0.223 0.208 注：ρ0为利用公式（1）计算的甲烷包裹体密度；ρ为每个样品所有测点密度计算结果的平均值. 
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表 2 川东南松坎地区ZIY1井五峰组M1、M2脉体内甲烷包裹体捕获压力计算结果
Table 2. Calculation results of the capture pressure of methane inclusions in the M1 and M2 veins in Wufeng Formation from well ZIY1 of Songkan region, Southeast Sichuan basin
样品编号 期次 测点数 ρ（g/cm3） T（℃） 捕获压力P（MPa） 静水压力P0（MPa） 压力系数 S1-01 M1 8 0.259 171.6 82.6 51.9 1.59 S2-01 M1 5 0.268 176.8 91.5 54.1 1.69 S2-02 M1 8 0.265 175.9 88.7 54.0 1.64 S1-02 M2 5 0.206 139.6 43.6 39.9 1.09 S1-03 M2 4 0.213 142.5 47.3 40.1 1.18 S2-03 M2 6 0.208 147.1 46.1 41.1 1.12 注：T为与甲烷包裹体共生的盐水包裹体均一温度的平均值；P为利用公式（2）计算得到的甲烷包裹体捕获压力值；P0为包裹体捕获时地层的静水压力；压力系数=P/P0.
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