Crustal Structure and Tectono-Magmatic Evolution of Northern South China Sea
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摘要: 南海北部陆缘发育独特的远端带结构，以“裂谷宽、基底厚和地貌起伏”为主要特点，显著有别于经典贫岩浆型和富岩浆型张裂陆缘.为了解释陆缘结构的成因，综合已有研究进展和国际大洋发现计划（IODP）的钻探成果，对南海北部陆缘基底性质进行了调研，探讨了拆离断层和岩浆作用的特点以及两者间的相互作用.结果表明，在38 Ma之前南海北部大范围发育核杂岩构造，并伴随大量岩浆侵入到中下地壳；岩浆作用一方面加剧了地壳的韧性变形，导致应变无法集中而在多个地方同时发育大型拆离，另一方面对拆离面和减薄的基底进行了强烈改造.最终提出同张裂期就位的岩浆作用和中下地壳的韧性流动是形成南海北部宽裂谷陆缘的关键，深化了对陆缘结构、变形过程和岩石圈减薄机制的理解.Abstract: The northern continental margin of the South China Sea (SCS) developed a diagnostic crustal structure in the distal domain, which is characterized by "wide rift, thick basement, and prominent topographic variations of the top basement". These characteristics are significantly different from those of the typical magma-poor and magma-rich rifted margins. In order to decipher the origin of such crustal structure in the northern SCS, in this study it defines the nature of the basement in the distal margin based on the latest research progresses and the drilling results of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), and discusses the detachment faults, magmatic additions and the tectono-magmatic interaction. The results suggest that several large-scale core complex structures were developed in the northern SCS during the early rifting (before 38 Ma), which was accompanied by voluminous magma intruding into the mid-lower crust. On the one hand, the emplacement of the syn-rift magma enhanced the ductile deformation of the mid-lower crust, resulting in the delocalization of the strain and the occurrence of the detachment in many places almost at the same time. On the other hand, the magmatism strongly affected the geometries of the detachment faults, resulting in the thickened basement. Finally, the syn-rift magmatism and the ductile flow of mid-lower crust are considered as the key factors to produce the wide rift in the northern SCS. The results would help to deepen the understanding of the crustal structure, deformation process and lithospheric thinning mechanism during the development of the rifted margins.
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Key words:
- crustal structure /
- detachment fault /
- magmatic evolution /
- core complex structure /
- rifted margin /
- South China Sea /
- marine geology
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图 1 贫岩浆型和富岩浆型张裂陆缘的地壳结构
a. 全球不同大陆边缘类型的分布（Haupert et al., 2016）；b. 典型贫岩浆型陆缘（Sutra et al., 2013），其位置参见图a；c. 典型富岩浆型陆缘（据Geoffroy et al., 2015修改），其位置参见图a
Fig. 1. The crustal structures in the magma-poor and magma-rich rifted margins
图 2 南海北部陆缘远端带的结构和研究区位置
a. 多道反射地震测线揭示的陆缘远端带结构；b. 多道反射地震测线揭示的陆缘远端带结构；c. 研究区位置；d. 本研究采用的钻井和反射地震数据的位置. 资料来源：1. 据Briais et al.（1993）；2. 据Yang et al.（2018）；3. 据Zhang et al.（2021a）
Fig. 2. The architecture of the basement in the distal margin of the northern SCS and location of the study area
图 4 IODP U1501和U1504钻井揭示的陆缘远端带基底性质
钻探成果据Larsen et al.(2018a, 2018c). a. U1501站位的基底岩性；b. U1501站位的井震关联和基底性质解释；c. U1504站位的基底岩性；d. U1504站位的井震关联和基底性质解释
Fig. 4. The nature of the basement determined by the IODP drill holes
图 5 荔湾凹陷下部剥露的中下地壳内部结构及与露头的对比
a和a’. 深度域反射地震剖面显示荔湾下部剥露的中下地壳，内部以强烈交织的不连续带为特征，将基底分隔成多个地质体（Zhang et al., 2021b）；b. 阿尔卑斯古张裂陆缘出露的中地壳，显示交织融合的不连续带（图示蓝色点线）（Petri et al., 2019）；c. 希腊Tinos岛出露的韧性剪切带和内部不均一性地质体（Clerc et al., 2015）
Fig. 5. Structure of the exhumed mid-lower crust underneath the Liwan Subbasin and comparison with outcrop
图 6 南海北部陆缘远端带的基底（面）性质和分布
洋陆转换带的解释参考Zhang et al.（2021a），非本文讨论的重点
Fig. 6. The nature of the (top) basement and its distribution in the distal margin of the northern SCS
图 7 穹隆构造及其与沉积层的交互作用
Fig. 7. Dome-shaped highs and their interaction with syn-rift sediments
图 8 穹隆构造及重力反演揭示的基底高密度体（据Nirrengarten et al., 2020修改）
Fig. 8. Seismic interpretation of the dome-shaped highs and joint inversion showing the denser bodies within the basement (modified from Nirrengarten et al., 2020)
图 9 南海北部陆缘构造‒岩浆演化
Fig. 9. The tectono-magmatic evolution of the northern continental margin of South China Sea
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