Movement Process and Formation Mechanism of Rock Avalanche in Chada, Tibet Plateau
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摘要: 为了了解青藏高原察达高速远程滑坡的运动过程与形成机理，运用遥感测绘、无人机地形测绘和现场勘查资料对滑坡进行分区，对滑坡形成机理进行研究，并利用PFC2D数值模拟对地震工况下滑坡运动过程进行模拟.将察达高速远程滑坡分为源区，流通区和堆积区；数值模拟结果得到滑坡平均运动速度为15~20 m/s，运动时间150 s，最大运动距离为2 800 m.察达滑坡为地震条件下诱发的高速远程滑坡，源区砾岩对上部堆积体后缘铲刮推移，使得上部堆积体产生整体变形，其运动过程可分为崩滑→铲刮→滑移→堆积4个阶段.Abstract: To understand the kinetic mechanism of Chada rock avalanche in Tibet plateau, remote sensing mapping, UAV topographic mapping and field survey data are used to zone the rock avalanche and research the formation mechanism of the rock avalanche. PFC2D numerical simulation is used to analyze the rock avalanche movement process under the seismic conditions simulation. The Chada rock avalanche can be divided into source zone, transition zone and accumulation zone. The average movement speed of this rock avalanche is 15-20 m/s. Its duration time is 150 s, and the maximum movement distance is 2 800 m. The Chada rock avalanche was induced by earthquake. The source zone rock mass scrapes and moves the trailing edge of the upper accumulation which resulting in the overall deformation of the upper accumulation. Its movement process can be divided into four stages: collapse → scraping → sliding → emplacement.
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Key words:
- rock avalanche /
- numerical simulation of PFC2D /
- movement mechanism /
- engineering geology
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图 1 察达高速远程滑坡地理位置及区域地质构造简图
1.左贡地块；2.班公湖-怒江蛇绿混杂岩；3.聂荣残余弧；4.嘉玉桥残余弧；5.那曲-洛隆弧前盆地；6.昂龙岗日-班戈-腾冲岩浆弧带；7.狮泉河-申扎-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带；8.隆格尔-工布江达复合岛弧带；9.拉达克-冈底斯-下察隅岩浆弧带；10.雅鲁藏布蛇绿混杂岩带；11.高喜马拉雅基底杂岩带；12.低喜马拉雅北东陆缘盆地
Fig. 1. Geographical position and regional geological structure sketch of the Chada rock avalanche
图 3 察达滑坡遥感影像解译图及分区特征
a.滑坡全貌；b.源区Ⅰ；c.流通区Ⅱ；d.堆积区Ⅲ
Fig. 3. Remote sensing image interpretation map and zoning characteristics of Chada rock avalanche
图 7 察达滑坡下部流通区结构特征(a)和下部流通区坡表砾石群分布特征(b)
Fig. 7. Structural characteristics of lower transition zone (a) and distribution characteristics of gravel groups on the slope surface in the lower transition zone (b)
图 8 察达滑坡堆积区特征
a.整体特征；b.砾石群; c.钻孔岩心; d.砾石特征
Fig. 8. Characteristics of Chada rock avalanche accumulation zone
图 12 EW向速度时程曲线(a)和UD向速度时程曲线(b)
Fig. 12. EW direction velocity time history curve (a) and UD direction velocity time history curve (b)
图 13 堆积体双轴模拟试验曲线(a)和堆积体摩尔库伦强度包线(b)
Fig. 13. Biaxial simulation test curves of accumulation (a) and mohr Coulomb strength envelope of accumulation (b)
图 15 顶部监测点速度时程图(a)、堆积体监测点速度时程图(b)和监测点位移时程图(c)
Fig. 15. Velocity time history diagram of top monitoring point (a), velocity time history of accumulation monitoring points (b), displacement time history of monitoring points (c)
表 1 岩土体物理力学参数
Table 1. Physical and mechanical parameters of rock and soilmass
岩性 重度γ(kN·m-3) c(kPa) φ(°) 砾岩 3 000 1 000 30 板岩 2 800 800 29 堆积体 2 000 60 25 
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表 2 岩土体微观颗粒材料参数
Table 2. Material parameters of geotechnical model
岩性 粒径(mm) 颗粒密度(kg·m3) 颗粒法向刚度(MN·m-1) 颗粒切向刚度(MN·m-1) 摩擦系数 阻尼系数 砾岩 30 3 000 10 10 0.35 0.3 板岩 10 2 700 10 10 0.3 0.3 堆积体 10 2 000 1 1 0.3 0.2
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