Characteristics of Geothermal Cycle and Tunnel Geothermal Disaster Controlled by Hydrogeological Structure in Ya'an to Linzhi Section of Sichuan-Tibet Traffic Corridor
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摘要: 川西藏东地区水热体系空间分布与川藏交通廊道布局关系的特殊性，使得隧道难以回避复杂多样的水热灾害.为系统分析工程面临的热害问题，对控制水热循环的水文地质结构进行辨识，辅以地球化学特征、钻孔温深关系解析，分析隧道穿越地热系统时可能遭遇热害的类型及灾变特征.活动性深大断裂与大型褶皱为区内重要控热构造，结合次级断裂、岩石富水性、热水出露特征，梳理出7类控制水热循环的水文地质结构；结合隧道与上述结构的空间关系、水热特征影响要素归纳出两大类、13小类的热害类型.典型案例分析显示康定1#隧道出口段、拉月隧道中段分别穿越折多塘温泉、拉月温泉水热系统排泄区，两段可能遭遇高温高压、突发性涌突水灾害.Abstract: Due to the particular relationship between the spatial distribution of hydrothermal systems and the layout of Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridor, it is difficult for tunnels to avoid complex hydrothermal disaster. In order to systematically analyze the geothermal disasters which the tunnels possibly meet with, basing on the hydrogeological structure, geochemistry and relationship between earth temperature and depth, in this paper it analyzes the types and characteristics of hydrothermal disasters of Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridor tunnels. Active, deeply buried faults, and large fold belts are important geological structures controlling the geothermal systems. Basing on hydrogeological structures, sub-faults, storage characteristics of groundwater in rocks, and outcropping characteristics of geothermal water, in this paper it concludes seven hydrological constructions of geothermal water circulation. Considering spatial relationship between tunnels and these hydrogeological structures, and factors influencing hydrothermal characteristics, two types and thirteen sub-types of geothermal disasters are concluded. The exit part of Kangding1# tunnel and middle part of Layue tunnel pass through hydrothermal systems of Zheduotang warm spring and Layue warm spring respectively, these two parts may encounter geothermal disasters with high temperature and high pressure suddenly.
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图 1 拟建川藏交通廊道(雅安-林芝段)穿越区断裂构造纲要及水热活动分布区
Ⅰ.炉霍-道孚-康定水热活动区；Ⅱ.甘孜-新龙-理塘水热活动区；Ⅲ.德格-巴塘-乡城水热活动区；Ⅳ.贡觉-芒康水热活动区；Ⅴ.昌都-察雅-左贡水热活动区；Ⅵ.洛隆-八宿水热活动区；Ⅶ.雅鲁藏布江水热活动区；根据郭长宝等（2020）修改
Fig. 1. Fault tectonic outline and hydrothermal activity zones which distribute in the area Sichuan-Tibet railway (Ya'an-Linzhi section) crossing
图 2 断裂控制水热系统的水文地质结构
图中断裂、地形特征、低阻熔融体分布并不反应实际情况，仅为类型概化，以下类同
Fig. 2. Hydrogeological structures of geothermal systems forming in faults
图 3 大型控水褶皱水文地质结构
Fig. 3. Hydrogeological structure of huge fold controlling groundwater flow
图 4 隧道空间布置与热害类型关系示意
Fig. 4. The types of geothermal disasters considering the tunnels' layout
图 5 隧道工程典例穿越区地质背景及热水出露位置
a.隧道工程典例位置；b.拉月隧道隧址区水热活动分布及地质背景；c.芒康山隧道隧址区水热活动分布及地质背景；d.康定1#隧道隧址区水热活动分布及地质背景
Fig. 5. Geological conditions and appearance of geothermal water in the area typical tunnels crossing
图 6 拉月隧道隧址区热水形成过程及典型隧段热害类型
Fig. 6. Geothermal water formation progress in the Layue tunnel site and geothermal disaster types in the typical sections
图 7 芒康山隧道隧址区热水形成过程及典型隧段热害类型
a.索奔温泉形成过程及隧道遭遇热害类型；b.曲色温泉形成过程及隧道遭遇热害类型
Fig. 7. Geothermal water formation progress in Mangkangshan tunnel site and geothermal disaster types in the typical sections
图 8 康定1#隧道隧址区热水形成过程及典型隧段热害类型
a.榆林宫-二道桥-中谷多级水热系统形成示意；b.二道桥温泉形成过程；c.榆林宫温泉形成过程；d.折多塘温泉形成；e.隧道穿越断裂段（F2、F3、F4）热害类型
Fig. 8. Geothermal water formation progress in Kangding1# tunnel site and geothermal disaster types in the typical sections
表 1 川藏交通廊道(雅安-林芝段)典型断裂型水热体系热源配置
Table 1. Heat source configuration of typical hydrothermal system which forms in faults Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridor (Ya'an-Linzhi section) crossing
序号 线路所穿越的局部水热体系 所属地热异常区(编号见1) 控制性断裂带 热源配置制式 深部热源热量传递方式 1 康定水热活动体系 Ⅰ 鲜水河断裂带 壳内放射性生热、剪切生热和深部热流分量 热对流、热传导 2 巴塘章柯水热活动体系 Ⅲ 金沙江断裂带 热传导为主 3 昌都若巴水热活动体系 Ⅴ 澜沧江断裂带 4 洛隆拥巴水热活动体系 Ⅵ 怒江断裂带 5 喜马拉雅东构造结拉月水热活动体系 Ⅶ 雅鲁藏布江缝合带 热对流、热传导 
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表 2 隧道空间布设、水热特征影响要素变化下热害类型与特征
Table 2. Characteristics and types of geothermal disasters considering the tunnels' layout and factors controlling the hydrothermal circulation
热害类型 隧道与控制水热循环的水文地质结构之间的空间关系 隧道穿越区水热特征影响要素 隧道热害特征 地形 热水渗流部位 地质构造 岩石及富水性 平行主干断裂型(A) A1 隧道埋深较浅，处于控制地下水入渗的结构部位 山脊或斜坡地带 热水补给区 远离控热主干构造，可能处于次级断裂穿越区 穿越硬性围岩区域，包括岩浆岩、变质岩及碳酸盐岩，为具有较好富水性的裂隙及孔隙性含水岩层 无高温水热灾害风险，因存在高海拔冰雪及降雨补给入渗，使得隧道内涌水及隧道岩温存在低温热害情况 A2-1/ A2-2 隧道埋藏较浅到较深，A2-1处于控制热水循环水文地质结构之外；A2-2处于控制地下水径流的结构部位或结构之外 山脊或斜坡地带 A2-1处于热水循环系统之外，A2-2处于热水径流带或之外 远离控热主干断裂带；A2-2处于次级构造组合内或之外 当穿过控制地下水径流的结构部位时，为较好富水性的裂隙及孔隙性含水岩层 A2-1无水热系统带来热害；A2-2若在结构之外地温由隧道埋深控制，在结构内可能遭遇与高岩温温度平衡的水热灾害 A3-1/ A3-2 隧道埋藏浅，A3-1处于控制热水循环的水文地质结构之外；A3-2处于控制热水径流、上溢的结构部位内 沟谷地带、地形低洼处 A3-1处于热水循环系统之外；A3-2处于热水排泄区 A3-1远离控热主干断裂带；A3-2处于主干断裂或构造组合穿越 A3-1无特征；A3-2穿越硬性围岩区域，包括岩浆岩、变质岩及碳酸盐岩，为具有较好富水性的裂隙及孔隙性含水岩层 A3-1无高温水热灾害风险；A3-2遭遇高温水热灾害风险高，可能存在高压热水、且水量较大 A4-1/ A4-2 隧道埋藏深，A4-1处于控制热水循控水文地质结构之外，A4-2处于控制水热循环径流的结构部位下方 山脊、斜坡或沟谷地带 A4-1热水循环系统之外，A4-2处于热水径流系统之下 A4-1远离控热主干断裂带；A4-2处于构造组合下方 岩性及富水性无特征 无水热系统的热害风险；因隧道埋藏深，若岩石富水性较强，可能遭遇与高岩温温度平衡的水热灾害 横穿构造型(B) B1型：横穿断裂型热害表现为A1或A2-2；横穿褶皱表现为A1 B2-1型：横穿断裂和褶皱热害表现均为A2-1或A3-1； B2-2型：横穿断裂型和褶皱热害表现为A2-2 B3-1型：横穿断裂和褶皱型热害均表现为A3-1； B3-2型：横穿断裂型热害表现为A3-2或A4-2；横穿褶皱型表现A3-2 B4型：横穿断裂型热害表现为A4-1或A4-2；横穿褶皱型表现为A4-1 注：A1型热害由于高海拔冰雪及降雨补给入渗，实际表现为低岩温，此处默认也是热害类型的一种.
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表 3 隧道代表性钻孔特征及温深关系
Table 3. Characteristics of representative boreholes and relationship between temperature and depth of tunnels
隧道 编号 地层岩性 地质构造 温度梯度
(℃/100 m)温-深线及地温梯度特征 拉月隧道 L1 片麻岩夹片岩 雅鲁藏布江缝合带 0.8 直线型，常温层厚，梯度远低于均值 L2 片麻岩夹片岩 雅鲁藏布江缝合带 16.1 上凸型，梯度远高于均值 芒康山隧道 M1 砂岩 加卡复式向斜 1.1 直线型，梯度明显小于均值 M2 碳酸盐岩 加卡复式向斜 3.0 直线型，常温层厚，梯度略高于均值 M3 砂岩夹泥岩 加卡复式向斜 2.1 直线型，梯度小于均值 康定隧道 K1 板岩夹千枚岩 雅拉河断裂 2.3 局部下凹，梯度略小于均值 K2 燕山期混合岩 色拉哈-康定断裂 0.5 直线型，梯度远于均值 K3 印支期花岗岩 折多塘断裂 5.1 上凸型，梯高于均值
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