Paleoenvironmental Implications of the Middle Jurassic Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer in Shaerhu, Xinjiang
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摘要: 新疆沙尔湖煤田中侏罗统西山窑组产出大量茨康类植物化石.通过选取4块狭叶拟刺葵Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer化石作为研究对象，在详细揭示其角质层微细构造、统计气孔参数并测定其碳同位素组成的基础上，定量重建研究区中侏罗世早期阿林期至巴柔期古大气CO2浓度、古温度、古海拔高度，测算该植物的水分利用率.结果表明，狭叶拟刺葵平均气孔指数值5.90%，基于气孔比率法获得的古大气CO2浓度为（1240.16±122.75）×10-6，该值处于GEOCARB Ⅲ碳平衡模型可信误差范围内.测得植物化石角质层碳同位素δ13Cp平均值-23.07‰，计算出该植物水分利用效率272.06 mmol/mol，重建沙尔湖中侏罗世早期平均温度16.8~20.7℃，古海拔高度196.7 m.整体而言，新疆沙尔湖地区在中侏罗世早期属于一种高CO2浓度、气候温暖湿润的环境.Abstract: The Middle Jurassic Xinshanyao Formation yields abundant and diverse fossil Ginkgophytes in the Shaerhu Coalfield of Xinjiang, NW China. Four leaf compression fossil of Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer were selected from this horizon for calculating the epidermal stomatal parameters and their isotope carbon composition of leaf cuticles. On this basis, the Middle Jurassic （Aalenian-Bajocian） paleo-atmospheric CO2 concentration, paleo-temperature, and paleo-altitude of Shaerhu region of were tentatively reconstructed. Additionally, the water use efficiency of the current Ph. angustifolia was also calculated. The results show that the average stomatal index （SI） of Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer is 5.90%. The paleo-atmospheric CO2 concentration obtained by the stomatal ratio method is （1 240.16±122.75）×10-6, which is within the credible error range of the GEOCARB Ⅲ. The average value of the stable carbon isotope δ13Cp of plant fossils is -23.07‰, and its water use efficiency （WUE） is calculated to be 272.06 mmol/mol. The paleo-average temperature of Shaerhu is about 16.8~20.7℃, the paleo-altitude is 196.7 m, which generally reflects Shaerhu Coalfield was a kind of environment with high CO2 concentration, warm and humid climate in the early Middle Jurassic.
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图 1 新疆沙尔湖煤田地理位置与中侏罗统西山窑组地层岩性柱状图
Fig. 1. Geographical location and the stratigraphic column of Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation in Shaerhu Coal Field, Xinjiang, NE China
图 2 狭叶拟刺葵的宏观形态
a. 化石1；b. 化石2；c. 化石3；d. 化石3局部放大，可见基部变狭；e. 化石4；f. 化石1局部放大，可见平行脉
Fig. 2. Gross morphology of Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer from Xishanyao Formation
图 3 狭叶拟刺葵的微观表皮特征
a. 示上表皮特征，无气孔器；b~e，狭叶拟刺葵植物化石1~4下表皮，可见气孔器纵向排列的气孔带；f. 示气孔器放大，可见乳突覆盖气孔
Fig. 3. Epidermal features of Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer
图 4 扫描电镜中表皮细胞与气孔微观构造
a~f，示纵向定向气孔，副卫细胞和部分表皮细胞发育乳突（如箭头所示）
Fig. 4. Microstructure of the epidermal cells and stomata under SEM
图 5 据气孔比率法所得沙尔湖中侏罗世早期古大气pCO2与GEOCARB碳平衡模型
Fig. 5. Paleo-pCO2 during the early Middle Jurassic base on stomatal ratio and comparison with GEOCARB Ⅱ & Ⅲ
表 1 当前标本与拟刺葵亚属已知各种模式标本叶片特征对比表
Table 1. Comparisons on the leaf characters between the present fossil and the type specimens of known species of Phoenicopsis（Phoenicopsis） Samylina
属种 叶片特征 表皮特征 产地层位 长（cm） 最宽处（mm） 叶脉（条） 普通细胞形态 气孔器排列 气孔特征 Ph.（Ph.）aldanenosi 8.0 4.0~5.0 7~9 长卵形，壁直，无毛状体 带状，4~5列 气孔器椭圆形，保卫细胞微陷，具乳突 阿尔丹河左岸，任斯克组，J2 Ph.（Ph.）angustifolia > 9.0 4.0~5.0 6~10 四边或纺锤形，长宽比约（2~3）∶1，呈清晰列状 带状，2~3列 副卫细胞5~6个（或4，7个） 西伯利亚，普里萨扬组，J2 Ph.（Ph.）asiatica > 6.0 3.0~4.5 8~12 多种形状，壁直 密，带状，4~6列 气孔器椭圆-圆形，保卫细胞微陷 东哈萨克斯，邵特柯尔组，J2 Ph.（Ph.）enisseiensis 6.0 3.0~6.0 6~12 长卵形，壁直，无毛体 少，带状，3~4列 气孔器长椭圆形或偏斜具棱角型，副卫细胞具乳突 西西伯利亚，伊塔特组，J3 Ph.（Ph.）doludenkoae > 10.0 7.0~10.0 16~24 长卵形，壁直，不具乳突 列状 气孔器椭圆-圆形，保卫细胞下陷，副卫细胞发育乳突 布列亚河右岸，塔累让组，J3 Ph.（Ph.）solmsi 7.5 8.0~9.0 9~12 长带状，形态各异，具乳突 带状，2~4列不规则 气孔器多纵向方位，副卫细胞强角质化，常呈波状遮掩孔缝 法兰士约瑟夫地岛，斯蒂芬角组，K1 Ph.（Ph.）taschkessiensis > 10.0 4.0~6.0 6~10 长卵近等轴型，具平坦乳突或不具乳突 带状，4~5列 气孔器卵形，副卫细胞具乳突 哈萨克斯坦，邵特柯尔组，J2 Ph.（Ph.）taschkessiensis v.latifolia > 9.0 8.0~10.0 16~18 具乳突 带状， < 5列 气孔器卵形，具两个极副卫细胞，具乳突，保卫细胞几乎被全遮盖 哈萨克斯坦，杜兹拜组，J2 当前化石 4.8~9.0 3.5~6.0 8~10 四边或长梭形，清晰列状，具乳突 带状，3~4列 气孔器椭圆形，副卫细胞4~6个，具乳突 新疆沙尔湖，西山窑组，J2 
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表 2 狭叶拟刺葵植物化石的气孔参数值与古CO2浓度
Table 2. Stomatal parameters of fossil Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer and paleoatmspheric CO2 level
化石
序号气孔密度SD
（个/mm²）表皮细胞密ED
（个/mm²）气孔指数SI
（%）气孔比率
（SR）RCO2 pCO2（NLE）
（10-6）1 36 529 6.37 1.90 3.80 1 139.72 33 522 5.95 2.03 4.07 1 220.17 36 504 6.67 1.81 3.63 1 088.46 31 509 5.74 2.11 4.22 1 264.81 2 29 492 5.57 2.17 4.34 1 303.41 31 536 5.47 2.21 4.42 1 327.24 20 315 5.97 2.03 4.05 1 216.08 28 523 5.08 2.38 4.76 1 429.13 3 20 376 5.05 2.40 4.79 1 437.62 29 461 5.92 2.04 4.09 1 226.35 19 342 5.26 2.30 4.60 1 380.23 22 357 5.80 2.09 4.17 1 251.72 4 40 546 6.83 1.77 3.54 1 062.96 32 465 6.44 1.88 4.76 1 127.33 35 472 6.90 1.75 3.51 1 052.17 32 548 5.52 2.19 4.38 1 315.22
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表 3 狭叶拟刺葵植物化石的稳定碳同位素组分与Pi/Pa值
Table 3. Stable carbon isotopic and Pi/Pa values of fossil Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer
化石序号 δ13Cp（‰，VPDB） 古大气δ13Ca（‰，VPDB） Pi/Pa 测量值 平均值 计算值 平均值 计算值 平均值 1 -22.83 -23.07 -3.78 -4.00 0.648 0.649 2 -22.49 -3.47 0.647 3 -24.22 -5.05 0.654 4 -22.75 -3.71 0.648 注：δ13Cp为本次实验的植物叶片碳同位素测量值；δ13Ca为化石所处地质时期大气CO2的碳同位素组成，由 Arens et al.（2000） 公式计算得出；Pi/Pa由Farquhar et al.（1982） 公式计算得出
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