Geochronology and Provenance Analysis of the Xiufeng Formation in Mohe Basin: Implications for the Evolution of the Eastern Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean
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摘要: 漠河盆地位于蒙古‒鄂霍茨克缝合带（MOSB）东段南缘，是研究蒙古‒鄂霍茨克洋东段演化的绝佳窗口.本文对漠河盆地东缘出露的绣峰组砂岩进行详细的岩相学、U-Pb锆石定年和主微量元素地球化学分析，综合前人研究成果，限定了蒙古‒鄂霍茨克洋乃至中亚造山带东段演化历史.结果表明，绣峰组砂岩碎屑物磨圆度较低、分选差，表现出近源剥蚀的特点；U-Pb锆石定年共获得217个谐和年龄，可划分为3个年龄组，其峰值均与盆地南缘额尔古纳地块的岩浆事件相吻合，其中最年轻的碎屑锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为158±2 Ma（N=5）；样品相对富集大离子亲石元素（LILEs）和轻稀土元素（LREEs），亏损高场强元素（HFSEs）和重稀土元素（HREEs），具有明显的Eu负异常.样品源岩为上地壳长英质岩石，形成于大陆岛弧的构造环境，源区可能为漠河盆地南侧的大陆岛弧、额尔古纳地块以及盆地的古老基底.综上所述，绣峰组的最大沉积年龄为晚侏罗世，物源区构造背景为活动大陆边缘的大陆岛弧环境，形成于晚侏罗世蒙古‒鄂霍茨克洋向南俯冲、闭合造山的构造背景下，指示在绣峰组沉积时期（约158 Ma），蒙古‒鄂霍茨克洋仍处于俯冲阶段，尚未完全闭合.综合前人研究成果，推断蒙古‒鄂霍茨克洋最终闭合的时间可能在晚侏罗世至早白垩世之间.Abstract: The Mohe basin is located in the southern margin of the eastern Mongol-Okhotsk suture zone (MOSB), which is an excellent window for studying the evolution of the eastern Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean. In this paper, four sandstone samples from the Xiufeng Formation in the eastern margin of the Mohe basin were analyzed by petrography, chronology and geochemistry. The results show that the sandstone debris of the Xiufeng Formation has poor roundness and sorting, and shows the characteristics of near-source denudation. A total of 217 concordant ages were obtained from U-Pb zircon dating, divided into three age groups, and the peak ages of all concordant ages correspond identically to the regional magmatic activities on the Erguna Block. LA‐ICP‐MS U-Pb zircon dating yields the youngest concordant ages of 158±2 Ma (N=5) for the Xiufeng Formation. Based on the previous research results, we try to limit the evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and even the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. All samples are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), and have obvious negative Eu anomalies. The lithology of the source rocks is mainly felsic from the upper crust and is situated in active continental margins. The continental island arc provides the sediments in the Xiufeng Formation in the south of the Mohe basin, the Erguna block and the old basement of the basin. The provenance is located in the tectonic environment of the continental island arc, which is related to the southward subduction, collision and closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in the Late Jurassic. Based on all the evidence above, we can infer that the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean was still in the subduction stage and did not close during the sedimentation of the Xiufeng Formation (ca. 158 Ma). Combined with previous data, it is inferred that the final closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean may be limited between the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.
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Key words:
- Mohe basin /
- Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean /
- Central Asian Orogenic Belt /
- Xiufeng Formation /
- Zircon U-Pb age /
- geochemistry
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图 1 中‒东亚主要区域大地构造图(a)；中国东北地区构造分区(b)；漠河盆地额木尔河群地层分布(c)
a.据Zhou and Li（2017）修改；b.据Liu et al.（2017）；Liang et al.（2019）修改；c.据Guo et al.（2017）修改
Fig. 1. Schematic tectonic map showing the main subdivisions of central and eastern Asia (a); tectonic divisions of NE China (b); a detailed map of the Mohe basin shows the Emuerhe Group distribution (c)
图 3 研究区地质图及采样点位置(a)；漠河盆地额木尔河群地层柱状图(b)
a.据黑龙江省地质矿产局（1993）修改；b.据Wu et al.（2003）修改
Fig. 3. Detailed geological map of the study area with sample locations(a); stratigraphic column for the Emuerhe Group in the Mohe basin (b)
图 4 绣峰组砂岩样品镜下照片
G.花岗岩碎屑；Lm.变质岩碎屑；Ls.沉积岩碎屑；Lv.火成岩碎屑；K.钾长石；Pl.斜长石；Qm.单晶石英；Qp.多晶石英
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of analysed samples from the Xiufeng Formation in the Mohe basin
图 5 绣峰组砂岩样品岩性判别图(据Folk et al., 1970修改)
Fig. 5. Lithological discrimination diagram for sandstone samples from the Xiufeng Formation (after Folk et al., 1970)
图 6 绣峰组砂岩物源判别图
a. Qt-F-L三元图；b. Qm-F-Lt三元图；据Dickinson et al.（1983）修改
Fig. 6. diagrams on provenance discrimination of the sandstones from the Xiufeng Formations
图 7 绣峰组砂岩锆石U-Pb阴极发光图像
Fig. 7. Zircons U-Pb CL images of the sandstone samples from the Xiufeng Formation
图 8 漠河盆地绣峰组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄协和图(a1, b1, c1, d1)和年龄直方图(a2, b2, c2, d2, e)
Fig. 8. U-Pb concordia diagrams (a1, b1, c1, d1) and age probability histograms of detrital zircons (a2, b2, c2, d2, e) from the Xiufeng Formation in the Mohe basin
图 9 绣峰组砂岩岩石地球化学分类图解(据Herron, 1988修改)
Fig. 9. Geochemical classification diagram of the sandstones from the Xiufeng Formation (after Herron, 1988)
图 10 漠河盆地绣峰组砂岩原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(a；据Sun and McDonough, 1989)和球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(b；据Boynton, 1984)
Fig. 10. Primitive mantle normalized trace element spidergrams (a; after Sun and McDonough, 1989) and chondrite normalized REE patterns (b; after Boynton, 1984) of the sandstones from the Xiufeng Formation in the Mohe basin
图 11 绣峰组砂岩主量元素A-CN-K风化图解(据Nesbitt and Young, 1984修改)
实心箭头代表各火成岩的理想风化趋势线，数据引自Condie（1993）；A. Al2O3；CN. CaO*+Na2O；K. K2O
Fig. 11. A-CN-K weathering diagram of major elements in sandstones from the Xiufeng Formation (after Nesbitt and Young, 1984)
图 12 漠河盆地绣峰组源岩性质判别图: La/Th-Hf判别图解(a)；TiO2-Ni判别图解(b)
a.据Floyd and Leveridge（1987）修改；b.据Floyd and Leveridge（1987）修改
Fig. 12. Discrimination diagrams of source rock of the sandstones from the Xiufeng Formation; La/Th-Hf diagram (a); TiO2-Ni diagram (b)
图 13 漠河盆地绣峰组及潜在物源区碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄直方图
a.绣峰组；b.中国东北地区；c.额尔古纳地块；d~e.西伯利亚板块；N为锆石总数；数据引自Donskaya et al.（2012）、Fridovsky et al.（2020）、Nikolenko et al.（2020）、Wang et al.（2011）、Wu et al.（2011）、唐杰（2016）
Fig. 13. Histogram of detrital zircon U-Pb ages from the Xiufeng Formation, with the comparison with potential source area
图 14 额木尔河群碎屑锆石构造判别图解(据Cawood et al., 2012)
A.汇聚型盆地；B.碰撞型盆地；C.伸展型盆地；数据引自Zhang et al.（2020）、Liang et al.（2019）、李良等（2017）
Fig. 14. Tectonic discrimination diagram of detrital zircons from the Emuerhe Group (after Cawood et al., 2012)
图 15 绣峰组砂岩样品主要元素和微量元素数据的构造判别图
a~b.据Roser and Korsch（1986）修改；c~d.据Bhatia and Crook（1986）修改；CIA.大陆岛弧；OIA.大洋岛弧；ACM.活动大陆边缘；PM.被动大陆边缘；A1.长英质侵入岩岛弧源区；A2.玄武岩和安山岩岛弧源区
Fig. 15. Discrimination diagrams defining the tectonic setting of clastic sediments based on major and trace element data in the Xiufeng Formation
图 16 蒙古‒鄂霍茨克洋东段区域构造演化模式
EB.额尔古纳地块；SC.西伯利亚克拉通
Fig. 16. regional tectonic evolution model of the eastern segment of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean
表 1 漠河盆地绣峰组砂岩样品碎屑组分含量(%)
Table 1. Detrital component contents (%) of sandstone samples in the Xiufeng Formation in the Mohe basin
样品号 Qt F L Qm Lt 17MH21 33 31 36 36 37 19MH07 37 29 34 32 35 19MH8-1 30 33 37 29 38 19MH46 33 30 37 32 38 
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表 2 漠河盆地绣峰组砂岩主量元素(%)、微量元素(10‒6)测试结果
Table 2. Major (%) and trace (10‒6) element compositions of the sandstones from the Xiufeng Formation in the Mohe basin
样品号 19MH07-1 19MH07-2 19MH08-1 19MH08-2 19MH46-1 19MH46-2 17MH21-1 17MH21-2 SiO2 74.04 73.24 70.86 70.75 72.91 72.99 72.04 72.10 Al2O3 13.50 13.90 14.32 14.29 13.15 13.04 13.80 13.91 TFe 2.15 2.11 2.45 2.51 2.50 2.41 2.00 1.92 CaO 0.39 0.38 1.42 1.41 1.08 0.97 1.09 1.03 MgO 0.45 0.43 0.93 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.87 K2O 3.67 4.11 3.75 3.76 2.97 2.97 3.84 3.92 Na2O 4.33 4.22 3.67 3.66 3.94 3.96 3.87 3.86 TiO2 0.27 0.25 0.48 0.49 0.44 0.39 0.28 0.26 P2O5 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.07 MnO 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 LOI 1.10 1.19 1.78 1.79 1.89 1.74 1.63 1.70 总计 100.02 99.96 99.79 99.73 99.96 99.51 99.56 99.68 A/NK 1.69 1.67 1.93 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.79 1.79 A/CNK 1.14 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.10 1.12 K2O/Na2O 0.85 0.97 1.02 1.03 0.75 0.75 0.99 1.02 Li 16.83 15.45 18.67 17.96 20.98 22.36 15.05 14.44 Be 1.41 1.41 2.43 2.30 1.56 1.61 2.08 2.01 B 6.74 6.10 9.20 9.07 14.84 14.52 17.11 17.14 Sc 1.98 1.68 5.65 5.33 4.27 4.70 3.51 2.91 V 26.97 28.09 46.14 45.15 40.06 39.18 32.17 30.52 Cr 5.15 5.04 36.49 36.56 27.00 26.57 27.42 26.08 Mn 283.60 289.80 254.60 249.40 354.10 357.40 279.70 261.30 Co 3.11 2.81 6.09 6.05 4.70 5.05 4.18 4.27 Ni 2.53 2.36 11.42 11.42 10.08 10.87 9.87 9.26 Cu 2.12 2.08 7.74 6.88 4.68 7.39 4.84 4.76 Zn 36.22 35.64 52.36 53.32 39.54 153.80 36.75 36.55 Ga 13.95 14.12 17.25 16.46 13.63 14.02 14.75 14.31 Ge 2.58 2.59 2.89 2.79 2.75 2.83 2.64 2.52 As 4.56 4.49 5.45 6.31 4.00 3.45 3.50 3.65 Se 0.60 0.69 1.14 1.02 0.88 1.01 0.83 0.69 Rb 69.60 82.08 78.85 60.73 40.35 51.79 52.70 58.19 Sr 85.47 87.93 282.60 264.80 108.80 112.30 138.70 123.60 Y 7.56 7.58 18.33 16.64 14.29 13.08 10.46 9.72 Zr 142.50 156.30 306.40 319.60 248.40 179.80 133.70 118.40 Nb 6.69 6.56 11.79 11.42 8.02 7.28 6.16 5.71 Mo 0.19 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.11 Ag 0.14 0.15 0.29 0.29 0.23 0.17 0.14 0.12 Cd 0.87 1.12 1.93 2.08 1.63 1.21 0.83 0.76 Sn 1.07 0.99 2.14 1.99 1.48 1.48 1.36 1.27 Sb 1.65 1.79 3.55 3.44 1.90 2.21 2.19 1.80 Cs 1.13 1.09 11.27 10.23 1.62 1.83 1.74 1.85 Ba 781.70 881.40 752.80 727.90 645.60 678.90 770.70 764.10 La 20.25 19.07 28.10 24.89 26.26 26.45 16.21 13.80 Ce 35.75 32.57 53.28 51.87 49.52 48.16 32.65 27.79 Pr 4.37 4.11 6.67 6.12 5.96 5.79 3.89 3.28 Nd 15.40 14.37 24.41 22.63 21.45 20.81 14.16 12.13 Sm 2.54 2.46 4.56 4.34 3.81 3.65 2.67 2.33 Eu 0.65 0.67 0.87 0.81 0.85 0.83 0.70 0.64 Gd 2.13 2.08 4.10 3.90 3.33 3.19 2.45 2.14 Tb 0.31 0.30 0.62 0.61 0.49 0.45 0.36 0.32 Dy 1.72 1.76 3.66 3.54 2.82 2.49 2.08 1.89 Ho 0.35 0.37 0.76 0.72 0.57 0.51 0.43 0.39 Er 1.06 1.11 2.25 2.20 1.68 1.50 1.28 1.14 Tm 0.16 0.16 0.34 0.33 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.17 Yb 1.06 1.09 2.23 2.15 1.64 1.48 1.26 1.12 Lu 0.17 0.17 0.34 0.33 0.25 0.23 0.19 0.17 Hf 3.71 3.98 8.18 8.30 6.19 4.48 3.38 2.95 Ta 0.48 0.46 0.82 0.80 0.60 0.54 0.46 0.42 W 0.42 0.41 1.99 1.95 1.11 1.06 0.56 0.50 Tl 0.65 0.71 0.90 0.86 0.54 0.55 0.72 0.72 Pb 14.33 16.34 19.18 18.84 13.41 13.75 16.15 15.92 Bi 0.05 0.05 0.18 0.19 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.11 Th 4.65 4.77 9.13 10.08 6.76 6.42 5.07 4.60 U 0.80 0.86 2.46 2.42 1.45 1.49 1.39 1.18 δEu 0.83 0.89 0.60 0.59 0.72 0.73 0.82 0.86 Sr/Y 80.25 89.21 132.06 133.13 73.61 75.72 101.99 97.55 ΣREE 85.90 80.29 132.19 124.44 118.87 115.73 78.52 67.30 ΣLREE/ΣHREE 11.37 10.41 8.24 8.04 9.80 10.52 8.52 8.18 (La/Yb)N 12.93 11.78 8.48 7.82 10.79 12.07 8.68 8.32
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