Tectonic-Thermal Evolution of Meso-Cenozoic Rift Basin in South Yellow Sea, Offshore Eastern China: Implications for Basin-Forming Mechanism and Thermal Evolution of Source Rocks
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摘要: 基于Advanced McKenzie地球动力学模型和Easy%RoDL化学动力学模型，建立了南黄海中-新生代（K13-Q）裂谷盆地的构造-热演化史，结合盆地深部壳幔结构、梳理周缘中-新生代板块汇聚与离散过程，讨论了该盆地低地热状态成因、成盆机制和烃源岩热演化.盆地地壳伸展系数约为1.22，岩石圈地幔伸展系数约为1.06；由裂陷期（K13-E2）至今，最高热流值仅由约76 mW/m2降低至约66 mW/m2，最高地温梯度仅由约37 ℃/km降低至约30 ℃/km，首次揭示低地热状态贯穿整个裂谷盆地发育阶段.低岩石圈地幔伸展系数、深部非镜像莫霍面分布、盆地发育阶段仅处于弧后远场拉张应力环境，均指示成盆过程中深部伸展上涌强度低，是导致其持续低地热状态的根本原因，深部热应力不是其主要成盆动力来源；依据高地壳伸展系数和控盆拆离断层演化，认为印支-燕山期先存逆冲断裂复活形成壳间拆离体系，并以简单剪切变形方式控制裂谷盆地发育，是其根本成盆机制；南、北部坳陷烃源岩主排烃期为三垛组二段沉积时期，自渐新世构造反转后热演化终止，古埋深和古地温场条件共同控制现今南、北部坳陷相同深度烃源岩热成熟度差异.Abstract: The tectonic-thermal evolution history of the Meso-Cenozoic rift basin in the South Yellow Sea is established by using Advanced McKenzie geodynamic model and Easy%RoDL chemical kinetic model, combined with the deep crust and lithospheric mantle structure of the basin, the process of Meso-Cenozoic plate convergence and dispersion around the basin is analyzed. In addition, the genesis of low geothermal state, basin-forming mechanism and thermal evolution of source rocks in the basin are discussed. The results show that the crustal extension coefficient is of about 1.22 and the lithospheric mantle extension coefficient is of about 1.06. From the rift period to the present, the maximum heat flow value only decreased from 76 mW/m2 to 66 mW/m2, and the maximum geothermal gradient only decreased from 37 ℃/km to 30 ℃/km. It is revealed that the low geothermal state runs through the whole rift basin development stage for the first time. Low lithospheric mantle extension coefficient, deep non-mirror Moho distribution, the development stage of the basin are only in the far field tensile stress environment behind the arc, all indicate that the low intensity of lithospheric mantle extension and asthenosphere upwelling is low that is the fundamental reason for the continuous low geothermal state of the basin, and the deep thermal stress is not the main power source of the basin formation. According to the high crustal extension coefficient and the evolution of the detachment fault, it is suggested that the Indosinian and Yanshanian thrust fault regenerated to form the intra-crustal detachment system, and controlled the development of rift basin by simple shear deformation, which is the basic basin-forming mechanism. The main oil expulsion of the source rocks in the southern and northern depressions is the sedimentary period of the second member of the Sanduo Formation, and the thermal evolution of the source rocks ended since the Oligocene tectonic inversion. Paleo-buried depth and paleo-geothermal field jointly control the thermal maturity differences of source rocks at the present same depth in the southern and northern depressions.
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图 1 南黄海盆地构造位置、构造格局和研究区构造剖面
Fig. 1. Tectonic position, tectonic framework and structural section of the South Yellow Sea basin
图 2 南黄海中-新生代陆相裂谷盆地综合柱状图和前裂陷期构造事件图
Fig. 2. Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental rift basin histogram and pre-rift tectonic event in the South Yellow Sea
图 3 岩石圈伸展模式、McKenzie地球动力学模型和Advanced McKenzie地球动力学模型
a. 岩石圈伸展模式；b. McKenzie地球动力学模型；c. Advanced McKenzie地球动力学模型. 符号注释：a.初始地壳和地幔长度，两者总厚度（m）；β.岩石圈伸展系数；tc.初始地壳厚度（m）；tm.初始地幔厚度（m）；βc.地壳伸展系数；βm.地幔伸展系数；Ta.软流圈恒定温度，1 333 ℃；Tswi.沉积水界面温度（℃）
Fig. 3. Lithospheric extension model, McKenzie geodynamic model and Advanced McKenzie geodynamic model
图 4 北部坳陷和南部坳陷构造沉降趋势、伸展阶段划分、壳幔伸展系数和初步背景热流模型
Fig. 4. Tectonic subsidence trend, extension stage division, crust-mantle extension coefficient and preliminary background heat flow model in the northern and southern depressions
图 5 Easy%Ro、Easy%RoDL、Basin%Ro活化能分布和镜质体反射率-温度关系
Fig. 5. Distribution of activation energy of Easy%Ro, Easy% RoDL, Basin%Ro and the relation between vitrinite reflectivity and temperature
图 6 北部坳陷Well-A井和南部坳陷Well-B井埋藏史及热流演化史
Fig. 6. Burial history and heat flow evolution history of Well-A in the northern depression and Well-B in the southern depression
图 7 下扬子板块周缘中生代以来两阶段洋壳俯冲，深部岩石圈减薄过程和成盆动力学模式
图7a表明在早白垩世由古太平洋板块（伊泽奈崎板块）高角度俯冲和回撤引起整个中国东部巨量的岩石圈减薄，塑造了南北重力梯度带的雏形（Xu，2007；Liu et al., 2017a, 2017b）；图7b表明早白垩世晚期太平洋板块出现在西太平洋并持续近北西向俯冲（Ren et al., 2002；李三忠等，2013；朱光等，2016），垂直剖面参考东亚高分辨率上地幔层析成像中的33°N和35°N垂直剖面（Huang and Zhao, 2006）和34°N垂直剖面（Liu et al., 2017b）.南黄海深部地幔过渡带为不连续的高速异常体，滞留洋壳板片可能不都是太平洋板块（Li and van der Hilst，2010；Tao et al., 2018；Ma et al., 2019）
Fig. 7. Two-stage oceanic slab subduction, deep lithospheric thinning and basin-forming dynamics model around the lower Yangtze plate since the Mesozoic
图 9 北部坳陷和南部坳陷主力烃源岩热演化过程及现今同深度地温演化
Fig. 9. Thermal evolution of main source rocks and present same depth geothermal evolution in northern and southern depressions
表 1 南黄海盆地岩石圈结构和热物理参数
Table 1. Lithospheric structure and thermophysical parameters of the South Yellow Sea basin
岩石圈结构和热物理参数 数值 裂陷期(Ma) 106 裂后期(Ma) 32 膨胀系数(K-1) 3.3×10-5 (地壳) 5.0×10-5(地幔) 热导率(W/m/K)(20 ℃） 2.65(地壳) 4.0(地幔) 扩散系数(m2/s) 0.804×10-6(地壳) 6.0×10-6(地幔) 软流圈温度(℃) 1 333 沉积水密度(kg/m3) 1 040 地壳密度(kg/m3) 2 800 地幔密度(kg/m3) 3 300 现今地壳厚度(km) 32~34(含沉积层) 岩石圈初始厚度(km) 122 注：岩石圈热物理参数参考Hantschel and Kauerauf (2009)；现今地壳厚度参考考胥颐等(2008)，祁江豪(2015)，陈艳等(2017)和 Kim et al.(2019) ；初始岩石圈厚度参考陈沪生和张永鸿(1999).
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