Research Status and Development Trend of the High-Altitude Extremely-Energetic Rockfalls
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摘要:
高位岩崩作为高山峡谷区、海岸、交通廊道、露天矿山常见的地质灾害类型之一，具有泛生性、突发性、隐蔽性及致灾严重性等基本特性.近年来，伴随全球地震频发和气候急剧变化，高位高能岩崩事件显著增多，造成严重的生命财产损失.目前，高位高能岩崩识别和预警技术、失稳和运动机理、灾害链效应成为国际地球科学领域的研究热点之一.本文从岩崩早期识别、失稳和运动机理、综合防护技术措施等方面归纳总结了目前的主要研究成果，并提出了岩桥损伤识别方法、动态监测技术、稳定性动态评价方法、早期预警模型、运动机理和综合防控技术是亟待解决的科学问题和技术难题.这些问题的解决将有助于高位高能岩崩综合防治.
Abstract:High altitude rockfalls, as one of the common types of geological disasters in mountains, coasts, traffic corridors and opencast quarries, have the characteristics of wide distribution, sudden failure, concealment and severity of disaster, etc. In recent years, with frequent earthquakes and drastic climate change around the world, the high-altitude extremely-energetic rockfalls have increased significantly, causing serious loss of life and property. Recently, the identification and early warning technology, failure and transportation mechanism as well as disaster chain effects of high-altitude extremely-energetic rockfalls have become one of the research hotspots in the field of international geosciences. This paper summarizes the current main research achievements from the aspects of early identification of rockfalls, failure and transportation mechanism, comprehensive mitigation measures, and puts forward the scientific and technical problems that need to be solved urgently, such as damage identification method of rock bridges, dynamic monitoring technology, dynamic stability evaluation method, early warning model, transportation mechanism and comprehensive prevention and control technology. The solution of these problems will contribute to the comprehensive prevention and control of high-altitude extremely-energetic rockfalls.
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图 1 国内外高位高能崩塌灾害
a. 中国九寨沟熊猫海岩崩；b. 中国成兰铁路某工区岩崩；c. 瑞士Cengalo岩崩，据De Blasio et al.（2018）；d. 法国Dru岩崩，据De Blasio et al.（2018）；e. 瑞士艾格尔峰岩崩，据De Blasio et al.（2018）；f. 美国Yosemite谷崩塌，据Wieczorek and Snyder（1999）；g. 意大利Cima Una Fiscalina崩塌，据De Blasio et al.（2018）；h. 意大利Monte Civetta崩塌，据De Blasio et al.（2018）；i. 意大利Croda Rossa崩塌，据De Blasio et al.（2018）；j. 意大利Monte Pelmo崩塌，据De Blasio et al.（2018）；k. 意大利Gran Sasso崩塌，据De Blasio et al.（2018）；l. 美国Yosemite国家公园崩塌，据Herb（2006）
Fig. 1. High-altitude extremely-energetic rockfalls in the world
图 2 高位高能岩崩地形特征及撞击碎裂过程示意图（据De Blasio et al., 2018修改）
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of topographic features and impact fragmentation process of high-altitude extremely-energetic rockfalls (modified after De Blasio et al., 2018)
图 3 岩崩的影响因素（据Volkwein et al., 2011修改）
Fig. 3. Influencing factors of rockfalls (modified after Volkwein et al., 2011)
图 4 岩桥位置与危岩体失稳模式
a. 直立岩层孕育拉裂式或错断式危岩体；b. 反倾岩层孕育倾倒式危岩体；c. 缓倾岩层孕育滑移式危岩体；d. 拉裂式危岩体岩桥位置；e. 倾倒式危岩体岩桥位置；f. 滑移式危岩体岩桥位置
Fig. 4. Location of rock bridge and failure modes unstable rock masses
图 5 三峡水库链子崖危岩体加固工程
Fig. 5. Reinforcement project of Lianziya unstable rock masses in the Three Gorges Reservoir
图 6 渝怀铁路白马1号隧道进口危岩体加固工程（肖福燕，2020）
Fig. 6. Reinforcement project of unstable rock masses at the entrance of Baima No. 1 tunnel along the Yu-Huai Railway (Xiao, 2020)
图 7 四川孔玉乡桩板拦石墙
Fig. 7. Pile-plate rock retaining wall in Kongyu Village, Sichuan Province
表 1 国内高位高能岩崩事件
Table 1. High-altitude extremely-energetic rockfall events in China
序号 出处 名称 时间 地点 触发因素 体积
（104 m3）高差（m） 运动距离（m） 1 柴宗新，1989 普福河支沟崩塌 1965.11.22-23 云南省禄劝县普福河 卸荷+降雨 30 900 360 8 000 2 刘传正和肖锐铧，2021 盐池河山体崩塌 1980.06.03 湖北省安远县 矿产开采 100 400 560 3 胡显明等，2011 南门湾龙头山岩崩 1987.09.01 重庆市万县地区巫溪县南门湾 卸荷 30.24 218 / 4 李玉生等，1994 乌江鸡冠岭岩崩 1994.04.30 四川省武隆县 采矿 400 325 / 5 刘传正等，2001 318国道镜山山体崩塌 2001.04.25 西藏昌都地区芒康县 卸荷 100 500 150 6 邬海艳和詹丹志，2001 贵州兴义崩塌 2001.06.02 贵州省兴义市雄武乡木咱村 降雨 60 320 / 7 冯振等，2016 甄子岩崩塌 2004.08.12 重庆市南川区 岩溶+采矿 50 240 300 8 靳亚峰，2014 汶川G213线路K87+300处崩滑 2007.05.26 四川省汶川县 降雨 30 302 / 9 赵升等，2009 老虎嘴山体崩塌 2008.05.12 四川省汶川县 地震 200 450 / 10 王全才等，2009 豆芽坪崩塌 2008.05.12 四川省汶川县 地震 500 570 1 000 11 赵艳华，2014 宝成铁路K400+000~170崩塌 2008.05.12 宝成铁路K400+000~170段 地震 12 205 / 12 何思明等，2013 都汶公路彻底关大桥崩塌 2009.07.25 四川省汶川县 降雨 1 500 / 13 周小军等，2010 大渡河猴子岩滑坡 2009.08.06 四川省雅安市 地震 90 400 / 14 陈红旗，2013 贵州凯里崩塌 2013.02.18 贵州省凯里市 岩溶+采矿 30 200 180 15 刘传正等，2016 红石崖崩塌 2014.08.03 云南省昭通市鲁甸县 地震 1 200 760 600 16 梁靖等，2020 九寨沟芦苇海崩塌 2017.08.08 四川省九寨沟县 地震 2.7 400 500 17 王毅等，2020 九寨沟则查哇沟震后崩塌 2017.08.08 四川省阿坝州九寨沟县 地震 17.8 340 / 18 盛豪等，2020 九寨沟景区五花海震后崩塌 2017.08.08 四川省阿坝州九寨沟县 地震+暴雨 31.2 500 / 19 肖锐铧，2018 贵州“8.28”纳雍山体崩塌 2017.08.28 贵州省纳雍县 采矿+降雨 60 305 840 20 唐尧等，2019 “8.14”成昆铁路山体崩塌 2019.08.14 成昆铁路四川甘洛段埃岱2号至3号隧洞附近 降雨 4.8 220 316 21 陈健，2021 洪雅山体崩塌 2021.04.05 四川省眉山市洪雅县 降雨 15 / / 
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表 2 落石冲击力计算方法（据蔡向阳和铁永波，2016修改）
Table 2. Calculation methods of the impact force of falling rock (modified after Cai and Tie, 2016)
算法 原理 特点 弹性理论法
（杨其新和关宝树，1996）牛顿定律和落石冲击试验 ①考虑缓冲层厚度的影响以及冲击过程落石加速度的变化；②是一种半经验半理论算法，存在求解最大加速度的困难；③结果为平均力，值比实际值偏小，对结构不安全 路基规范法
（JTGD30-2004）功能守恒原理 ①落石动能损失与冲击力所做的功相等；②冲击力的大小与落石陷入土层深度成正比；③无法反映缓冲层厚度变化对落石冲击力的影响；④计算结果为平均力，值比实际值偏小，对结构不安全 隧道手册法
（铁道第二勘测设计院，1991）冲量定理 ①考虑缓冲层厚度的影响；②落石冲击缓冲层后速度衰减为零，不发生反弹；③计算结果为平均力，值比实际值偏小，对结构不安全 日本方法和瑞士方法
（叶四桥等，2010）落石冲击试验 ①考虑正碰冲击，不涉及斜碰问题；②无法反映缓冲层厚度变化对落石冲击力的影响；③计算方法简单，但计算结果偏大 修正杨其新算法
（叶四桥等，2010）牛顿定律和冲量定理 ①杨其新算法的修正；②引入放大系数和法向恢复系数, 建立了平均冲击力和最大冲击力之间的关系 修正隧道手册法
（袁进科等，2014）冲量定理 ①隧道手册法的修正；②引入放大系数和恢复系数得到最大冲击力
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表 3 落石挡墙类型汇总(据Ronco et al., 2009; Lambert and Bourrier, 2013修改)
Table 3. Summary of rockfall retaining wall types (modified after Ronco et al., 2009; Lambert and Bourrier, 2013)
地点 示意图 挡墙材料 瓦雷泽(意大利) 
夯实士 瓦莱达 奥斯塔(意大利) 
石块 乌迪内(意大利) 
夯实士 法国 
石笼 瑞士 
木材、钢筋加固的夯实土 日本 
土工布或土工格室加筋的夯实土 瓦莱达 奥斯塔(意大利) 
土工布、土工格栅或金属网加筋的夯实土
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