Discovery of "Quartz Bridge" in Kuqa Foreland Thrust Belt and Its Geological Significance
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摘要: 在薄片和岩心等资料的基础上，利用扫描电镜、流体包裹体和离子探针微区原位同位素分析技术，在库车前陆冲断带克深‒大北地区白垩系砂岩储层裂缝中首次发现了“石英桥”. 石英桥是裂缝内高度局部化的孤立石英次生加大堆积体，离散分布于裂缝面，呈“桥”状跨越裂缝壁. 石英桥内部发育多个近平行于裂缝壁的流体包裹体组，其均一温度范围（150~176 ℃）与石英骨架颗粒中流体包裹体均一温度范围（90~120 ℃）差异较大. 此外，石英桥的氧同位素组成（平均δ18OVSMOW为17‰~21‰）与石英骨架颗粒和次生加大的氧同位素组成（平均δ18OVSMOW为8‰~17‰）亦差异较大. 克深‒大北地区石英桥主要发育在平行褶皱轴裂缝中，其形成可能与深埋高温环境下褶皱变形过程中的伸展作用以及古近系蒸发岩流体（富集18O）的运移有关. 石英桥是一个兼具前沿性和实用性的研究领域，对于恢复裂缝张‒闭历史和保存裂缝物性有重要的意义.Abstract: Based on thin section and core data, quartz bridges in natural fractures of Cretaceous sandstones of the Keshen-Dabei area in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt were discovered by SEM, fluid inclusions and ion microprobe in-situ isotope. Quartz bridge is highly localized overgrowth accumulations that span fracture walls and is scattered on the fracture surface. Fluid inclusion assemblages sub-parallel to the fracture walls were observed in the quartz bridge. Their homogenization temperature range (150-176 ℃) is different from that of the fluid inclusions in quartz grains (90-120 ℃). Besides, the scope of δ18OVSMOWvalues (17‰-21‰) does not overlap with that of quartz grain and quartz secondary enlargement (8‰-17‰). In the Cretaceous sandstone of the Keshen and Dabei area, quartz bridges are widespread in the hinge-parallel fractures. The formation of quartz bridge may be related to the extension during folding in the high-temperature at great depth and the migration of 18O-enriched water of Paleogene evaporates. The research of the quartz bridge is a frontier and practical field, which has great significance for reconstructing fracture opening history and preserving fracture physical properties.
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Key words:
- structural diagenesis /
- sandstone reservoir /
- natural fracture /
- cement /
- quartz bridge /
- petroleum geology
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图 2 库车前陆冲断带地层柱状图（据Guo et al., 2016）
Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphic column of the Kuqa foreland thrust belt (after Guo et al., 2016)
图 3 KS202井岩心校正
a. FMI成像测井，蓝色线条为裂缝解释结果；b. 岩心外表面照片，与FMI测井解释相对应
Fig. 3. Core calibration by borehole image log of Well KS202
图 4 裂缝中石英胶结物发育模式（a）及石英晶轴图示（b）
a. 灰色石英颗粒中箭头指示晶轴，相对于石英桥，石英衬边沉淀速率更慢，导致无法跨越裂缝壁；①为微裂缝被石英完全胶结，②为贴壁式薄层石英衬边，③为跨越裂缝壁的石英桥. b. 据Lander et al.（2008）；他形面（0001）c轴石英生长速度最快，他形面（1000）α轴、棱锥面、棱柱面生长速度依次等比例降低
Fig. 4. Quartz precipitation in fractures (a) and illustrations of crystallographic axis for quartz (b)
图 5 KS2-2-8井E-W向裂缝石英胶结物发育模式
a. E-W向裂缝单偏光拼接图像（深度6 709.66 m）；b. 图a的裂缝胶结物马赛克图，充填颜色代表不同裂缝胶结物，B. 石英桥，Ri. 石英衬边；c. 扫描电镜背散射图像，Q. 石英，F. 长石，Gy. 石膏
Fig. 5. Patterns of quartz cement in the E-W fracture of Well KS2-2-8
图 6 克深地区岩石薄片中的石英桥证据
a. KS3-1井（6 884.95 m），裂缝充填石英、白云石和硬石膏；b. KS206井（6 709.12 m），裂缝充填石英；c. KS501井（6 506.82 m），裂缝充填石英；d. KS13井（7 345.71 m），裂缝充填石英；e. KS8井（6 728.07 m），裂缝充填石英和硬石膏；f. KS8003井（6 779.22 m），裂缝充填石英和硬石膏. B. 石英桥；Gy. 石膏；D. 白云石
Fig. 6. Evidences of quartz bridge in thin sections of Keshen area
图 8 石英桥流体包裹体组分析
图a和图c是透射光图像；图b和图d中流体包裹体组①②③④分别对应张‒闭增量发生的先后顺序，红色方框指示流体包裹体组位置，旁边数字代表均一温度，括号内为测试包裹体数量
Fig. 8. Analysis of FIA in quartz bridge
图 9 克深、大北气田白垩系储层石英桥和石英骨架颗粒包裹体均一温度和冰点温度分布直方图
Fig. 9. Histograms of homogenization temperature and freezing point temperature of fluid inclusions in Cretaceous sandstones of the Keshen and Dabei gas fields
图 10 离子探针氧同位素分析位置及数据投影（a）和石英氧同位素值分布（b）
a. KS2-2-8井，样品深度6 709.66 m，裂缝被石英和石膏胶结物充填；黄色圆圈表示石英骨架颗粒和次生加大的离子探针分析点位，黄色数字为对应氧同位素值，蓝色圆圈表示石英桥和石英衬边的离子探针分析点位，蓝色数字为对应氧同位素值，紫色实线代表裂缝壁
Fig. 10. Position and data projection of SIMS oxygen isotope analysis (a) and oxygen isotope distribution of quartz (b)
图 11 库车前陆冲断带E-W裂缝张开史
图中红色粗实线表示裂缝张开时间范围，蓝色虚线对应裂缝张开时间
Fig. 11. Open history of fracture systems Ⅰ and Ⅱ in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt
图 12 裂缝中胶结物桥流体附近流体流动示意图
Fig. 12. Illustration of fluid flow around cement bridge in fracture
表 1 裂缝石英桥和石英衬边流体包裹体温度分析
Table 1. Temperature information from quartz bridges and rinds
井号 宿主矿物 胶结物产状 FIA中包裹体数量 均一温度（℃） 冰点温度（℃） KS2-2-8（6 722.95 m） 石英 衬边 163.6 167.5 衬边 172.8 ‒14.7 168.1 ‒14.0 桥 2 155.0~156.9 ‒10.9~‒10.7 3 157.7~159.4 3 160.2~163.8 ‒11.3~10.8 2 164.5~165.9 桥 5 172.1~175.5 ‒12.2~10.6 2 170.8~172.5 桥 5 150.9~156.7 ‒9.5~‒9.4 2 161.5~163.2 ‒10.6~‒9.4 4 163.7~166.1 2 172.8~174.8 2 171.1~175.0 桥 2 150.6~154.2 2 153.1~156.5 ‒12.7~‒10.0 2 157.3~161.4 ‒12.8~‒12.6 3 162.9~164.4 4 164.2~166.9 ‒12.5~11.1 2 166.7~168.5 3 168.0~171.8 4 171.1~175.6 ‒14.6~‒12.7 
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