Potash Deformation and Enrichment Modes in Vientiane Sag, Laos
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摘要:
呵叻盆地是特提斯成矿带重要的钾盐成矿盆地，但是其变形构造与钾盐分布规律不清而严重制约了该区域钾盐矿床的勘探与开发. 在宏观区域大地构造演化分析基础上，以老挝万象凹陷中一个区块为例，实施了三维地震勘探，在高精度地震资料和钻井自然伽马测井严格约束下，得到了地下准确的构造变化和钾盐矿分布资料. 结合盐构造变形特征和地震勘探剖面进行了地质解译，结果显示印支地块的挤压走滑旋转对呵叻盆地内的钾盐矿进行了强烈改造，由此总结出三种钾盐矿改造模式，分别为蒸发岩侏罗山式褶皱变形模式、应力作用下的差异载荷富集模式和围绕硬质盐丘旋转的富集模式.
Abstract:The Khorat Basin is an important potash basin in the Tethys metallogenic belt, but the exploration and development of potash deposits in this area are severely restricted due to the unclear deformation structure and the distribution rules of potash salts. Based on the analysis of macro-regional tectonic evolution, taking a small region in the Vientiane Sag as an example, under the strict constraints of high-precision 3D seismic exploration and drilling natural gamma logging, the underground accurate structural changes and potash ore distribution data were obtained. Combined with the deformation characteristics of salt structure and seismic exploration profile, the geological interpretation was carried out. The results indicate that the squeeze, slip, and rotation of the Indosinian block have strongly transformed the potash deposits in the Khorat Basin. Three types of potash deposit transformation models are summarized, including evaporite Jura type fold deformation model, differential load enrichment modes under stress, enrichment mode rotating around hard salt mound.
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Key words:
- Laos /
- Vientiane Sag /
- potash deposit /
- tectonic movement /
- deformation mode /
- mineral deposit
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图 1 印支地块区域大地构造简图（改自Li et al.，2017）
Fig. 1. Generalized tectonic framework map of Indosinian Block (from Li et al., 2017)
图 2 呵叻盆地地质简图及钾盐矿田分布区
典型矿床：1. 普悦矿床；2. 班纳快矿床；3.塔贡矿床；4.农波矿床；5.农诺矿床；6.廊开矿床；7.乌隆矿床；8.哇伦矿床；9.孔敬矿床；10.那隆矿床；11.暖颂矿床；12.南丘克矿床. 构造单元：I. 华南陆块；II.印支地块；III. 素可泰岛弧；IV. 滇泰马地块；①为哀牢山‒马江缝合带；②为南府缝合带；③为蒙连‒英萨农缝合带
Fig. 2. Geological sketch of Khorat Basin and the distribution of potash ore fields
图 3 万象凹陷构造简图（据张明明等，2015）
Fig. 3. Structure of Vientiane Sag (from Zhang et al., 2015)
图 5 过两个钻孔的地震勘探深度剖面与伽马测井曲线标定对比
Fig. 5. Seismic exploration depth profile through two boreholes and calibration with gamma logging curve
图 6 呵叻盆地随印支地块发生差异走滑旋转示意图
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of the differential slip-rotation between Indosinian Block and the Khorat Basin
图 7 软弱蒸发岩地层相对坚硬蒸发岩盆地基底在挤压作用下产生侏罗山式褶皱示意图
Fig. 7. Schematic diagrams of Jura type fold in relatively weak evaporite stratum produced by the compression of the basement of hard evaporite basin
图 8 地震勘探剖面显示的侏罗山式褶皱
Fig. 8. The Jura type fold shown in the seismic exploration section
图 9 在挤压应力发生差异载荷钾盐塑性流动富集模式
Fig. 9. Plastic flow enrichment model of potassium salt under differential loading stress
图 10 地震勘探剖面上显示的钾盐矿向背斜顶部塑性流动富集
Fig. 10. Plastic flow enrichment of potash ore to the top of anticline shown on seismic exploration profile
图 11 在挤压走滑旋转环境下钾盐环绕盐丘流变富集模型
Fig. 11. Rheological enrichment model of potassium salt surrounding salt dome under the condition of compression, strike slip and rotation
表 1 万象凹陷塔贡组主要岩性物理参数
Table 1. Major lithological physical parameters of Tageung Formation in Vientiane Sag
岩性 速度
（m/s）密度(g/cm3) 波阻抗(g·cm‒2·s) 顶部反射系数 泥岩 2 700 2.27 6 129 石盐 4 690 2.17 10 177 0.25 泥岩 2 700 2.27 6 129 ‒0.25 钾石岩 4 600 2.00 9 200 0.20 光卤石 4 480 1.60 7 168 ‒0.12 石盐 4 690 2.17 10 177 0.17 砂岩 2 600 2.60 6 760 ‒0.20 
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表 2 研究区蒸发岩层序分层结构和对应的地震反射界面
Table 2. Sequence stratification structure and corresponding seismic reflection interface of evaporite in the study area
系 统 组 段 亚段 岩性 地震界面 第四系 全新统 砂土 更新统 粘土 白
垩
系上统 班塔博组 红色泥岩、粉砂岩 Tg3-2 塔
贡
组上段 第二亚段
（上碎屑岩层）红色层 灰色层 第一亚段
（上膏岩层）石盐层 石膏层 Tg3-1 中段 第二亚段
（中碎屑岩层）红色层 灰色层 Tg2-2 第一亚段
（中膏岩层）石盐层 钾镁盐层 石盐层 Tg2-1 下段 第二亚段
（下碎屑岩层）红色层 灰色层 Tg1-2 第一亚段
（下膏岩层）石盐层 Tofp 钾镁盐层 Bofp 石盐层 石膏层 Tg1-1 中统 班塔拉组 （bt2）
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