Estimating Groundwater Runoff Modulus Method Based on Remote Sensing in Mountainous Areas of Southeast Tibet
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摘要: 如何科学评估野外场地条件下的地下水径流模数对于满足工程水文地质需求具有重要应用价值.结合现场调查、遥感解译和气象水文观测等技术手段，通过建立线性回归模型，开展了帕隆藏布流域场地条件下的地下水径流模数估算研究.结果表明：研究区具有典型的季节性积雪融雪规律.冬季积雪在夏季大量融化产流，作为地下水的一个额外补给源.去除融雪产流对径流模数影响后，研究区岩浆岩裂隙型、变质岩裂隙型、碎屑岩裂隙型、碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩裂隙溶隙型含水介质地下水径流模数分别在1.081~2.792 L/s·km2、1.833~3.225 L/s·km2、1.128~2.889 L/s·km2、3.455~3.879 L/s·km2之间.估算结果显示本文所建立的地下水径流估算模型可作为藏东南地区及类似条件区域地下水径流模数估算新方法，为雅鲁藏布江下游梯级开发等大型基础工程提供重要的水文地质参数支撑.Abstract: How to scientifically evaluate the groundwater runoff modulus under field conditions has important application value to meet the needs of engineering hydrogeology. In this paper, the study of groundwater runoff modulus under site conditions in the Parlung Zangbo watershed is carried out by establishing a linear regression model combined with technical means such as field survey, remote sensing interpretation and meteorological and hydrological observations. The results show that the study area has a typical seasonal snowmelt law. The snow accumulate in winter melt into runoff in summer, which serves as an additional source of groundwater recharge. After removing the influence of snowmelt runoff on the runoff modulus, the groundwater runoff modulus of magmatic aquifer, metamorphic aquifer, clastic aquifer and carbonate-clastic aquifer in the study area are respectively between 1.081-2.792 L/s·km2, 1.833-3.225 L/s·km2, 1.128-2.889 L/s·km2, 3.455-3.879 L/s·km2. The estimation results show that the groundwater runoff estimation model established in this paper can be used as a new method for estimating groundwater runoff modulus in southeastern Tibet and similar conditions, providing important hydrogeological parameter support for large-scale infrastructure projects in this area included the cascade development of the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River.
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Key words:
- remote sense /
- linear regression /
- groundwater runoff modulus /
- southeast Tibet /
- hydrogeology
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图 1 藏东南地区帕隆藏布流域位置和地形图
地图参考自然资源部标准地图 1：130 000 000世界地图，审图号GS（2016）2945号
Fig. 1. Study area topography and watershed location
图 2 典型小流域Landsat8影像与NDSI识别积雪覆盖范围对比
Fig. 2. Comparing Landsat 8 image and snow cover area identified by NDSI in typical subordinate watershed
图 4 融雪补给地下水产流量及流域积雪面积关系
Fig. 4. Relationship between groundwater runoff recharged by snowmelt and area of watershed
图 5 研究区小流域各地层面积占比$ {A}_{nm} $及径流模数$ {\overline{M}}_{gn} $
面积占比为小流域内各地层面积占小流域面积的比例，径流模数为小流域内平均地下水径流模数. 图例各地层代号为所有小流域涉及地层，其中E1ηγ、K1ηγ、J3ηδ、D1ηγ为岩浆岩；AnNqa、AnNqb、AnOI、AnP、w为变质岩；C2P1l、C1n、P3x、K1d、J2-3l、J2m为碎屑岩；P2l、D2-3s为碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩互层
Fig. 5. Stratums area proportion in subordinate watershed($ {A}_{nm} $) and groundwater runoff modulus($ {\overline{M}}_{gn} $)
图 6 3个区域内各小流域平均地下水径流模数对比
Fig. 6. Average groundwater runoff modulus at different subordinate watersheds in three zones
图 7 A区部分流域与裂隙溶隙含水岩组位置关系
Fig. 7. Locational relationship between part of watersheds in A zone and carbonate-clastic aquifer
表 1 来古冰川融雪产流模数
Table 1. Snowmelt runoff modulus in Laigu glacier
积雪面积（km2） 流量（L/s） 融雪产流模数（L/s·km2） 258.212 4 132.180 16.003 
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表 2 A、B、C分区平均地下水径流模数统计
Table 2. Average groundwater runoff modulus in A、B and C zone
流域分区 平均地下水径流模数$ {\overline{M}}_{g} $(L/s·km2) 均方差σ2 A 2.297 0.642 B 2.696 0.195 C 3.099 0.165
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表 3 不同区域含水岩组径流模数回归结果
Table 3. Linear regression result of aquifer groundwater runoff modulus in different zone
地层 含水介质类型 $ {M}_{gm\mathrm{A}} $ $ {M}_{gm\mathrm{B}} $ $ {M}_{gm\mathrm{C}} $ E1ηγ 岩浆岩裂隙型 1.081 \ 2.561 K1ηγ 1.919 1.298 2.286 J3ηδ 1.536 2.459 \ D1ηγ \ 2.792 \ AnNqa 变质岩裂隙型 2.812 2.816 3.021 AnNqb \ 3.039 3.225 AnOI \ 1.835 2.127 AnP \ \ 1.833 w \ \ 2.764 C2P1l 碎屑岩裂隙型 1.646 1.997 1.816 C1n 2.872 2.889 2.492 P3x 2.810 \ \ K1d 1.128 \ \ J2-3l 1.792 \ \ J2m 2.392 \ \ P2l 碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩裂隙溶隙型 3.455 \ \ D2-3s 3.879 3.781 \ 残差均值$ \stackrel{-}{\varepsilon } $ 0.233 0.071 0.097 $ {R}^{2} $ 0.891 0.704 0.834 注：\表示分区内测流流域未涉及该含水岩组.
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