Response of Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Soil Water and Groundwater to Tunnel Construction in Typical Karst trough Valley
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摘要: 隧道建设引起地下水流场改变，对区域水分运移过程造成严重影响.以重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷为例，于2017年4月~2019年4月收集降水、土壤水、地下水和隧道排水，利用氢氧稳定同位素分析隧道影响区和非隧道影响区的土壤水和地下水运移过程，探索隧道建设对其产生的影响.结果表明：隧道影响区土壤水δ2H和δ18O变化幅度较非隧道影响区土壤水剧烈，地下水δ2H和δ18O变化幅度较非隧道影响区地下水更平稳；与非隧道影响区的土壤水和地下水相比，隧道影响区浅层土壤水δ2H和δ18O夏季偏重，深层土壤水δ2H和δ18O秋季偏重，浅层岩溶泉水δ2H和δ18O四季均偏重，地下河水δ2H和δ18O冬季偏重，其余季节各水体的δ2H和δ18O偏轻；隧道影响区和非隧道影响区水体平均滞留时间和"新水"比例差异从土壤水到地下水逐渐减小，隧道影响区土壤水滞留时间较非隧道影响区土壤水少25.4 d，"新水"比例高13.5%，地下水滞留时间少16.1 d，"新水"比例高3.4%.隧道建设一定程度上加快了隧道影响区水分运移速度，造成土壤层中滞留水分减少，水分混合作用减弱，导致地下水混合作用更加显著.Abstract: The construction of the tunnel caused changes in the groundwater flow field, which seriously affected the process of regional water migration. Taking the karst trough of Zhongliang Mountain in Chongqing as an example, we collected precipitation, soil water, groundwater and tunnel drainage from April 2017 to April 2019. This study used stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to analyze the soil water and groundwater migration processes in the tunnel-affected zone and non-tunnel-affected zone, and explored the impact of tunnel construction on it.The results showed that the change of δ2H and δ18O of soil water in the tunnel-affected area was greater than that of the tunnel-affected area, and the change of groundwater δ2H and δ18O was more stable than that of the non-tunnel-affected area.Compared with the soil water and groundwater in the non-tunnel-affected area, the δ2H and δ18O of the shallow soil water in the tunnel-affected area were heavier in summer, the δ2H and δ18O of deep soil were heavier in autumn, the δ2H and δ18O of shallow karst spring water were basically heavier in all seasons, and the underground river water was δ2H and δ18O tends to be heavier in winter, and the δ2H and δ18O of water bodies in other seasons were basically lighter. The difference of meantransit time and young water fraction between the tunnel-affected zone and the non-tunnel-affected zone gradually decreased from soil water to groundwater.The meantransit time of soil water in the tunnel-affected area was 25.4 days shorter than that in the non-tunnel-affected area, the young water fraction was 13.5% higher, the meantransit time of groundwater was 16.1 days less, and the young water fraction was 3.4% higher.To sum up, the tunnel construction accelerated the water movement speed in the tunnel-affected zone to a certain extent, resulting in the reduction of retained water in the soil layer and the weakening of water mixing.
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图 2 大气降水降水量、气温和δ18O和δ2H的季节变化特征
Fig. 2. The seasonal variation characteristics of precipitation, temperature and δ18O and δ2H of atmospheric precipitation
图 3 中梁山典型岩溶槽谷区各水体δ18O-δD的线性特征
Fig. 3. Linear characteristics of δ18O-δD of each water body in the valley area of a typical karst trough in Zhongliang Mountain
图 4 降水、土壤水、地下水和隧道排水δ18O和δ2H的季节分布
Fig. 4. Seasonal distribution of δ18O and δ2H of precipitation, soil water, groundwater and tunnel drainage
图 5 中梁山典型岩溶槽谷区大气降水、地下水和隧道排水δ18O值的余弦拟合
Fig. 5. Cosine fitting of δ18O values of atmospheric precipitation, groundwater and tunnel drainages in the typical karst trough area of Zhongliang Mountain
表 1 龙凤槽谷3条隧道基本情况
Table 1. Basic situation of three tunnels in Longfeng karst trough valley
隧道编号 隧道名 隧道开挖期 隧道长度(m) 隧道东/西海拔(m) 隧道东/西排水量(L/S） 1 轻轨6号线北碚隧道 2010~2013年 4 322 245/240 1.5/23.3 2 兰海高速北碚隧道 1999~2001年 4 035 250/240 2.5/16.8 3 绕城高速施家梁隧道 2006~2008年 4 285 260/245 2.3/6.5 
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表 2 中梁山典型岩溶区土壤水、地下水和隧道排水的δ2H和δ18O值
Table 2. δ2H and δ18O values of soil waters, groundwater and tunnel drainages in a typical karst area of Zhongliang Mountain
同位素 隧道影响 类型 编号 最大值(‰) 最小值(‰) 平均值(‰) 标准差(‰) 差异系数 δ18O 是 土壤水 2#0~20 cm -4.50 -12.55 -8.35 2.58 -0.31 2#20~40 cm -4.80 -9.80 -7.87 1.76 -0.22 浅层岩溶泉 S -3.24 -9.38 -6.88 1.55 -0.22 地下河 G1 -3.70 -9.35 -6.79 1.52 -0.22 G2 -3.85 -9.09 -7.01 1.43 -0.20 隧道排水 TGW1 -4.82 -9.02 -7.10 1.21 -0.17 TGW2-G75 -2.63 -8.90 -7.01 1.45 -0.21 TGW3-G5001 -5.09 -10.67 -7.65 1.38 -0.18 否 土壤水 4#0~20 cm -4.91 -11.19 -7.65 1.92 -0.25 4#20~40 cm -4.82 -9.96 -7.00 1.72 -0.25 浅层岩溶泉 E2 -3.10 -13.38 -7.12 2.29 -0.32 地下河 UG -1.04 -10.43 -6.10 2.09 -0.34 δ2H 是 土壤水 2#0~20 cm -26.90 -85.32 -56.49 20.54 -0.36 2#20~40 cm -29.10 -75.50 -52.45 16.20 -0.31 浅层岩溶泉 S -25.68 -56.73 -43.61 7.50 -0.17 地下河 G1 -28.75 -52.04 -42.20 5.14 -0.12 G2 -28.50 -55.80 -44.68 5.23 -0.12 隧道排水 TGW1 -37.81 -59.90 -47.18 3.71 -0.08 TGW2-G75 -38.49 -50.23 -46.48 2.69 -0.06 TGW3-G5001 -38.98 -50.59 -46.59 2.95 -0.06 否 土壤水 4#0~20 cm -24.65 -79.10 -49.60 16.51 -0.33 4#20~40 cm -26.19 -70.23 -44.49 15.26 -0.34 浅层岩溶泉 E2 -25.29 -72.35 -44.73 11.15 -0.25 地下河 UG -20.24 -51.37 -39.50 6.59 -0.17
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表 3 中梁山典型岩溶区土壤水、地下水和隧道排水的平均滞留时间和“新水”比例
Table 3. Mean transit time and young water fraction of soil waters, groundwater and tunnel drainages in a typical karst area of Zhongliang Mountain
隧道影响 类型 编号 $ {A}_{\mathrm{s}}/{A}_{\mathrm{p}} $ “新水”比例(%) 平均滞留时间MTT(a) 均方根误差RMSE(‰) 是 土壤水 2#0~20 cm 0.79 78.96 0.12 1.97 2#20~40 cm 0.74 73.51 0.15 1.36 浅层岩溶泉 S 0.50 49.77 0.28 0.99 地下河 G1 0.38 37.97 0.39 1.29 G2 0.38 38.01 0.39 1.14 隧道排水 TGW1 0.26 26.10 0.59 1.08 TGW2-G75 0.19 19.00 0.82 1.08 TGW3-G5001 0.34 33.73 0.44 1.17 否 土壤水 4#0~20 cm 0.66 66.18 0.18 0.93 4#20~40 cm 0.59 59.26 0.22 1.41 浅层岩溶泉 E2 0.66 66.31 0.18 1.00 地下河 UG 0.35 34.60 0.43 1.72
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