Paleofluid Characteristics since Indosinian Movement in Yuanma Basin, West Hunan: Significance for Cambrian Shale Gas Exploration
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摘要: 因古隆起周缘页岩生烃时间晚、热演化程度低，目前已成为中扬子地区油气勘探的重要领域.雪峰古隆起形成于加里东末期，经历了后期复杂的沉积-构造演化，白垩系覆盖区勘探方向尚未明确.以雪峰古隆起西侧沅麻盆地北部为主要研究对象，通过对不整合于寒武系页岩之上的白垩系底部方解石脉与寒武系页岩方解石脉地球化学和包裹体对比分析，研究了古流体形成环境、来源及其对寒武系生烃演化过程的指示.研究结果表明：（1）白垩系脉体碳氧同位素与围岩具有相似性，REE无明显的Eu异常，与寒武系脉体Eu强正异常对比鲜明，表明白垩系脉体主要来自白垩系，受寒武系页岩的影响弱；（2）白垩系方解石脉采样位置位于构造高位，但是包裹体类型显示以纯水溶液包裹体为主，形成于弱还原-弱氧化的环境，未见沥青和明显的纯甲烷包裹体，表明寒武系大规模生排烃在白垩系沉积之前；（3）以包裹体均一温度和Ro为制约，结合区域地质特征恢复了沅麻盆地寒武系两种类型埋藏史，即沅麻盆地北部草堂凹陷早期深埋藏，白垩纪以来不具二次生烃的条件；辰溪凹陷南部早期浅埋藏，白垩系以来Ro可能由1.2%升至2.5%，二次生烃潜力较大，是下一步勘探的有利区.Abstract: Paleo-uplifts with late hydrocarbon generation and relatively low maturity of source rock have become important targets for petroleum exploration in the Middle Yangtze region. Xuefeng uplift formed in Late Caledonian, covered by Cretaceous strata, has no clear exploration directions because of complex tectono-sedimentary evolution. In this paper, it focuses on the north part of Yuanma basin located in the north margin of Xuefeng paleo-uplift, two types of calcite vein samples were collected from Cambrian shale and Cretaceous rocks near the unconformity between Cambrian and Cretaceous, in order to discuss the paleo-fluid environment, source, and its significance for hydrocarbon-generation evolution, by comprehensive analysis of geochemical data and inclusions. The following results were obtained. (1) Cretaceous veins with similar carbon and oxygen isotope value to surrounding rocks have no noticeable Eu abnormality of REE, different from strong Eu positive anomaly in Cambrian veins, indicating the source of veins was Cretaceous and little influenced by Cambrian shale. (2)Most inclusions in Cretaceous samples collected from structurally high position are aqueous inclusions, formed in weakly oxic to weakly reducing environment, with no bitumen or pure methane inclusions, indicating that the Cretaceous sediment was formed later than the time of large-scale hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of Cambrian shale. (3) Under the restrains of homogeneous temperature of fluid inclusions and Ro, two types burial history of Cambrian shale are proposed in Yuanma basin combined with regional geological characteristics. In Caotang depression, north of Yuanma basin, Cambrian shale has no secondary hydrocarbon generation due to deeply buried in early stage. However, the Chenxi depression in the south part may be a favorable area for shale gas exploration, where the Cambrian shale was shallow buried in early stage, and its Ro elevated form 1.2% to 2.5% in Cretacous buried stage leading to huge hydrocarbon potential.
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Key words:
- West Hunan Province /
- Yuanma basin /
- paleo-uplift /
- Cretaceous /
- Cambrian /
- paleofulid /
- secondary hydrocarbon generation /
- shale gas
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图 1 研究区地质特征及采样位置
a.地质图；b.构造单元划分图；c.大地构造位置图
Fig. 1. Regional geology and sampling points of the study area
图 2 沅麻盆地脉体及围岩北美页岩标准化配分模式（据Haskin et al., 1968）
Fig. 2. NASC-normalized REE patterns of veins and surrounding rocks in Yuanma basin (after Haskin et al., 1968)
图 3 脉体包裹体特征
a.白垩系脉体定向分布气液两相包裹体，YL-6；b.白垩系脉体气相包裹体，YL-8；c.白垩系脉体自由分布气液两相包裹体，YL-12；d.白垩系脉体定向分布的水包裹体，YL-12；e.寒武系脉体密集分布的高密度甲烷包裹体，XJ-5，JD1井；f.寒武系脉体密集两相包裹体，ZD-5，ZD1井
Fig. 3. Characteristics of fluid inclusion in fracture veins
图 4 岩心及露头裂缝特征
a.牛蹄塘组垂直裂缝，1 998.7 m，JD1井；b.牛蹄塘组顺层镜面擦痕，2 016.0 m，JD1井；c.牛蹄塘组水平缝及方解石、角砾充填，1 877.3 m，JD1井；d.白垩系粉砂质泥岩中半充填垂直缝，①号采样点；e.白垩系砾岩中垂直裂缝，⑥号采样点
Fig. 4. Fractures in cores and outcrop
图 5 过沅麻盆地地震剖面（剖面位置见1a）
Fig. 5. Seismic profiles showing stratigraphic succession in Yuanma basin
图 6 方解石及围岩碳氧同位素对比图（K结核数据据刘芮岑等，2018）
Fig. 6. Comparison of carbon and oxygen isotopes of calcite and surrounding rock(the date of K calcareous concretions after Liu et al., 2018)
图 7 包裹体均一温度直方图、均一温度-盐度相关图
Fig. 7. Histograms of homogeneous temperatures of fluid inclusions, and relationship between homogeneous temperature and salinity
表 1 方解石脉及围岩碳氧同位素测试结果
Table 1. The analytic results for carbon and oxygen stable isotope of calcite veins and surrounding rocks
样品编号 裂缝类型 采样位置 δ13C方解石
（‰）δ18O方解石
（‰）δ13C灰岩
（‰）δ18O灰岩
（‰）Δ13C脉-围岩
（‰）Δ18O脉-围岩
（‰）YL-2 泥岩裂缝 ① -9.60 -7.04 YL-3 不整合面砾岩裂缝 ② -2.85 -11.97 2.74 -10.27 -5.59 -1.7 YL-4 不整合面砾岩裂缝 ③ -2.60 -17.86 YL-5 不整合面砾岩裂缝 ③ -2.82 -17.83 YL-6 不整合面砾岩裂缝 ④ -3.06 -17.88 1.2 -9.94 -4.26 -7.94 YL-7 不整合面砾岩裂缝 ⑤ -8.35 -21.11 YL-8 不整合面砾岩裂缝 ⑥ -3.37 -18.37 -2.64 -9.11 -0.73 -9.26 YL-9 不整合面砾岩裂缝 ⑥ -3.39 -17.36 -2.78 -9.38 -0.61 -7.98 YL-10 不整合面砾岩裂缝 ⑦ -1.83 -18.92 0.44 -9.61 -2.27 -9.31 YL-11 不整合面砾岩裂缝 ⑦ -1.26 -22.51 1.11 -8.76 -2.37 -13.75 YL-12 不整合面砾岩裂缝 ⑦ -1.37 -22.15 1.46 -7.93 -2.83 -14.22 YL-13 砂质泥岩裂缝 ⑧ -10.55 -6.67 YL-14 泥质砂岩裂缝 ⑨ -3.21 -12.74 -3.34 -14.61 0.13 1.87 YL-15 泥质砂岩裂缝 ⑨ -3.36 -13.67 -3.34 -14.61 -0.02 0.94 
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表 2 方解石脉及页岩稀土元素含量（10-6）
Table 2. Contents of REE of calcite veins and shales(10-6)
样号 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LREE HREE L/H ∑REE δEu δCe YL-3 1.38 3.20 0.58 3.36 1.11 0.24 0.88 0.15 0.82 0.14 0.32 0.038 0.20 0.025 9.87 2.57 3.84 12.44 1.06 0.75 YL-6 1.82 6.00 1.02 5.02 1.26 0.27 1.03 0.16 0.84 0.14 0.30 0.036 0.20 0.023 15.39 2.73 5.64 18.12 1.04 0.88 YL-7 1.30 6.40 1.32 7.96 2.56 0.67 1.97 0.32 1.66 0.28 0.60 0.070 0.38 0.046 20.21 5.33 3.79 25.54 1.31 0.84 YL-10 5.77 17.60 2.22 9.35 2.10 0.45 1.94 0.32 1.76 0.31 0.72 0.088 0.46 0.054 37.49 5.65 6.63 43.14 0.98 1.05 YL-11 3.64 8.53 1.00 4.01 0.82 0.17 0.78 0.12 0.67 0.12 0.27 0.034 0.18 0.022 18.17 2.20 8.27 20.37 0.93 0.97 XJ-6 2.27 4.52 0.54 2.39 0.75 1.04 0.79 0.15 0.92 0.17 0.40 0.054 0.29 0.033 11.51 2.81 4.10 14.32 5.92 0.89 XJ-7 27.20 48.50 5.15 20.00 4.46 2.47 4.50 0.72 3.79 0.67 1.54 0.190 1.00 0.120 107.78 12.53 8.60 120.31 2.42 0.88 N-1 23.70 45.30 5.57 20.90 4.36 1.62 4.04 0.67 3.81 0.78 2.24 0.380 2.47 0.360 101.45 14.75 6.88 116.20 1.69 0.86 N-2 28.40 52.30 6.50 22.60 3.58 1.35 3.10 0.42 2.16 0.45 1.43 0.260 1.82 0.280 114.73 9.92 11.57 124.65 1.78 0.84
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表 3 包裹体类型、均一温度、盐度统计
Table 3. Testing results of inclusion features, homogeneous temperature and salinity
采样位置 样品 层位 包裹体类型及占比(%) 均一温度范围(℃) 均一温度峰值(℃) 盐度(%) 气相 高密度甲烷 液相 两相 ④号点 YL-6 K1 30 0 65 5 115~141 110~120, 130~140 1.74~12.42 ⑥号点 YL-8 30 0 60 10 110~131 110~130 1.57~11.75 ⑦号点 YL-10 20 0 75 5 104~127 100~130 5.56~14.87 ⑦号点 YL-12 10 0 80 10 94~145 110~130 0.88~12.42 ⑨号点 YL-15 5 0 85 5 101~140 100~130 2.74~9.73 JD1井 XJ-5 ${\rm{\rlap{-} C}} $1n 0 80 10 10 128~224 130~140, 150~160, 170~190 13.94~16.05 ZD1井 ZD-5 0 50 30 20 189~256 240~250 3.39~11.81
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表 4 脉体包裹体群离子组分统计
Table 4. Ionic constituents in inclusions of vein minerals
样品号 F-含量
(mg/L)Cl-含量
(mg/L)NO3-含量
(mg/L)SO42-含量
(mg/L)Na+含量
(mg/L)K+含量
(mg/L)Mg2+含量
(mg/L)Ca2+含量
(mg/L)rNa+/ rCl- （rCl--rNa+）/ rMg2+ rSO42+×100/rCl- YL-3 0.65 10.60 0.88 5.01 6.32 0.40 1.05 14.50 0.92 0.28 34.86 YL-6 0.76 9.84 0.99 5.62 5.88 0.64 1.29 18.60 0.92 0.21 42.13 YL-7 0.28 6.55 1.30 5.84 4.38 0.37 0.92 18.40 1.03 -0.08 65.76 YL-10 0.52 1.72 1.00 2.94 1.22 0.44 0.73 17.00 1.09 -0.08 126.08 YL-11 0.18 3.03 0.90 2.49 2.11 0.27 0.58 16.10 1.07 -0.13 60.61
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