张裂陆缘地壳结构特征与张裂模式

袁野; 赵明辉; 贺恩远; 关慧心; 高金尉; 张佳政

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2020.361

张裂陆缘地壳结构特征与张裂模式

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.361

袁野^{1, 2, 4, ,},
赵明辉^{1, 2, 4, ,},
贺恩远^{1, 2},
关慧心^{1, 2},
高金尉³,
张佳政^{1, 2}

1.
中国科学院边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室, 中国科学院南海生态环境工程创新研究院, 中国科学院南海海洋研究所, 广东广州 511458
2.
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州), 广东广州 511458
3.
中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所, 海南三亚 572000
4.
中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41730532

国家自然科学基金项目 91958212

国家自然科学基金项目 42002222

国家自然科学基金项目 91858207

国家自然科学基金项目 91858212

南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项 GML2019ZD0204

广东省基金团队项目 2017A030312002

详细信息

作者简介:
袁野(1995-), 男, 在读博士研究生, 研究方向为海洋深部地球物理.ORCID: 0000-0002-0651-4593.E-mail: yy@scsio.ac.cn

通讯作者:
赵明辉, E-mail: mhzhao@scsio.ac.cn

中图分类号: P736.15
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-11-15
- 刊出日期: 2021-03-01

The Crustal Structures and Rift-Breakup Models of Typical Rifted Margins

Yuan Ye^{1, 2, 4
,
,},
Zhao Minghui^{1, 2, 4
, ,},
He Enyuan^{1, 2},
Guan Huixin^{1, 2},
Gao Jinwei³,
Zhang Jiazheng^{1, 2}

1.
Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China
2.
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
3.
Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
4.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

摘要

摘要: 张裂陆缘作为威尔逊旋回中关键的一环，是研究地球板块构造及其演化过程的重要构造单元.本文阐述了3种类型张裂陆缘(富岩浆型、贫岩浆型和中间型)的地壳结构特征，总结了它们的演化过程与机制，分析表明构造作用、岩浆活动程度、先存结构等是形成不同类型张裂陆缘的主要控制因素.针对南海北部陆缘复杂的构造属性与演化机制问题，提出了今后重点研究方向：南海北部陆缘是否同时具有贫岩浆型与富岩浆型的部分特征；南海北部陆缘丰富的岩浆活动与蛇纹石化地幔剥露能否共存.在南海北部陆缘同时开展三维深地震探测、物理模拟和数值模拟几种手段联合研究，相互约束，共同验证，是建立科学可信的张裂-破裂机制地质模型的必要途径.
- 张裂陆缘类型 /
- 洋陆转换带 /
- 地壳结构 /
- 南海北部陆缘 /
- 张裂-破裂模式 /
- 海洋地质
Abstract: As an important part of Wilson Cycles, the rifted margin is a critical area in the study of plate tectonics and its evolution. By comparing the crustal structure characteristics and evolution process in three typical rifted margins (magma-rich, magma-poor, magma-intermediate), the main factors, e.g., tectonism, magmatic activity, pre-existing structure and so on, are considered to control the formation of different types of rifted margins. In view of the complex tectonic properties and evolution mechanism of the northern margin of the South China Sea (SCS), We propose the key scientific questions and direction for the future: (a) The northern margin of the SCS has a special mechanism possessing partial characteristics of both magma-poor and magma-rich margin; (b) whether the abundant magmatic activities and serpentined mantle exhumation coexist in the northern SCS margin; (c) it is necessary to carry out 3D deep seismic exploration integrated with physical and numerical simulation, so as to establish a scientific and credible geological model of rifting and breakup in the northern SCS margin.
- types of rifted margins /
- ocean-continent transition /
- crustal structure /
- the northern SCS margin /
- model of rift and breakup /
- marine geology

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图 1 不同张裂大陆边缘类型的3种岩石圈结构

a. 典型富岩浆型陆缘(如南大西洋南部), 参考Geoffroy et al.(2015)；b. 典型贫岩浆型陆缘(如北大西洋中部), 参考Franke (2013)和Sawyer et al.(2007)；c. 中间型陆缘(如南海中北部), 参考Gao et al.(2015)

Fig. 1. Schematic of the lithospheric architectures of three-type rifted margins (not to scale)

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图 2 佩洛塔斯-纳米比亚共轭陆缘地壳结构

a. 共轭地震剖面PS1-0090和Transect2位置, 褐色部分为SDR范围, FZ为断裂带；b. PS1-0090和Transect2共轭测线地壳结构, 据Geoffroy et al.(2015)修改, LC1为岩浆侵入的塑性流动的中-下地壳, 速度一般大于7.1 km/s；LC2为岩浆侵入到镁铁质下地壳形成的高速体, 速度一般大于7.3 km/s

Fig. 2. The crustal structure of the Pelotas-Namibia conjugate continental margin

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图 3 富岩浆型陆缘构造演化模式

据Geoffroy et al.(2015, 2020).LC1：岩浆侵入的塑性流动的中-下地壳, 速度一般大于7.1 km/s；LC2：岩浆侵入到镁铁质下地壳形成的高速体, 速度一般大于7.3 km/s

Fig. 3. Tectonic evolution of magma-rich margin

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图 4 伊比利亚-纽芬兰共轭陆缘地壳结构

a. 共轭地震剖面位置, FZ为断裂带；b. SCREECH1和ISE1共轭测线的地壳结构, 据Sutra et al.(2012)修改

Fig. 4. Conjugated seismic profiles from Iberia-Newfoundland

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图 5 坎波斯-安哥拉(Campos-Angola)共轭陆缘地壳结构

a. 共轭地震测线位置FZ：断裂带; b. TGS和GXT共轭测线地壳结构, 据Unternehr et al.(2010)修改

Fig. 5. Conjugated seismic profiles from Campos-Angola

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图 6 贫岩浆型张裂陆缘Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的特征

据Huismans and Beaumont(2011).图a中：1.主要的盆地控制断层贯穿地壳；2.在狭窄的范围内(小于100 km)地壳急剧减薄；3.通常出现几何形状不对称和裂谷侧翼抬升；4.地壳岩石圈早于地幔岩石圈破裂；5.蛇纹石化地幔橄榄岩被剥露、暴露在洋陆转换带之间；6.破裂期间的岩浆作用有限, 形成贫岩浆型陆缘；7.地壳裂开后缓慢形成新生洋中脊或地壳体系.图b中：A.宽阔的减薄陆壳区域；B.同裂陷早期发育沉积盆地断层；C.同裂陷晚期不发生构造变形的沉积物；D.在“凹陷”盆地的浅水环境下, 这些同裂陷晚期沉积物被蒸发岩和其他沉积物盖住；E.软流圈驱动地幔物质上涌底侵, 导致裂陷期沉降有限；F.同裂陷期, 裂谷侧翼未发生抬升；G.没有明显的地幔岩石圈暴露, 但在同裂陷期存在岩浆活动；H.地壳下部区域的地震速度与岩浆底侵一致；I.地壳裂开后迅速形成新生洋中脊或地壳体系

Fig. 6. Characteristic of type I and type II magma-poor rifted margins

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图 7 1555测线地震剖面解释图及IODP钻探井位

p为投影到剖面上的井, 据Sun et al.(2018)修改

Fig. 7. Interpretation of the reflective seismic line 1555 and IODP drilling sites

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图 8 南海IODP钻探井位图和北部陆缘洋陆转换带三维OBS深地震探测实验

a. IODP349、367和368航次钻探井位平面图.前人地震探测(图中黑线)据赵明辉等(2018), 磁异常条带(图中黄线)据Briais et al.(1993).黑色方框为图 8b的范围.b. 南海北部陆缘洋陆转换带三维OBS深地震探测图.红色圆圈为OBS位置, 黑色直线为放炮测线, 白色星星为IODP钻孔位置, 黄线为磁异常条带, 据Briais et al.(1993)

Fig. 8. IODP drilling sites in the northern margin of the South China Sea and 3D OBS seismic experiment at COT zone in northern SCS margin

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表 1 不同类型张裂陆缘特征对比

Table 1. Contrasts on the structural and tectonic features of the different rifted continental margins

张裂陆缘类型	贫岩浆型陆缘	富岩浆型陆缘	南海北部陆缘
形成机制	构造伸展为主, 铲式正断层、拆离断层发育	岩浆活动为主, LIPs和SDRs发育	张裂期以构造拉张为主, 张裂后期-破裂期存在岩浆活动
向海倾斜反射层(SDR)	无	内SDR和外SDR发育	无
岩浆活动	少量	岩浆底侵, 下地壳高速层发育	东西两侧存在分布差异, 东多西少
蛇纹石化地幔	拆离断层和蛇纹石化地幔发育	无	IODP并未钻遇, 东北部推测可能存在

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