Sedimentary Budget and Controlling Factors of the Northwest and Southwest Sub-Basins, the South China Sea
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摘要: 作为西太平洋陆源沉积"源-汇"过程的重要场所，南海海盆半封闭的构造环境使得其与开放大洋的物质交换十分有限，沉积物保存基本完整，可以建立起南海沉积过程与区域重大构造事件、气候变化、海平面变化等之间的系统联系.选取南海西南与西北两个次海盆为对比研究区，基于穿越海盆的高分辨率多道地震测线和国际大洋发现计划(International Ocean Discovery Program，简称IODP)在南海获取的钻井数据，井震结合划分沉积单元，计算不同地质历史时期沉积通量，从而对海盆的沉积过程进行半定量化约束，并对控制因素和可能物源进行探讨.结果表明：南海西北次海盆和西南次海盆深海盆区的沉积过程整体上受到大型构造事件(青藏高原隆升-剥蚀作用)、东亚季风演化、陆缘水系(珠江、湄公河等)发展和相对海平面变化的控制，但在不同的区域会由于所处地理位置不同，以及局部构造事件影响而变得复杂化，从而使得西北次海盆与西南次海盆沉积通量在相同的地质时期呈现出不同的特征.西北次海盆沉积物主要源自华南大陆，并有少量来自红河、海南岛、北部陆架区局部隆起(如东沙隆起)的贡献.而西南次海盆的沉积物在晚中新世之前主要来自印支半岛、南沙地区和巴拉望，而在之后主要来自于现代湄公河.Abstract: South China Sea (SCS) is not only the crucial pathway for transporting terrigenous materials from Eurasia to the western Pacific Ocean since the Early Oligocene, but also the dominant accumulation and preservation place as a result of limited material exchange between the semi-closed oceanic basin and the open ocean since the Middle Miocene. Calculation of the sedimentary budget in different geological times is an important part in quantifying the sedimentary process in the SCS, which will not only construct the relationship between the sedimentary process of the SCS and the regional tectonic events, climate change, eustatic sea level change, etc, but also to improve our understanding on the "source-to-link" process of the West Pacific region. Based on multichannel seismic profiles across the northwest sub-basin (NWSB) and the southwest sub-basin (SWSB), combined with drilling results from IODP Expeditions, the sedimentary budget of the NWSB and SWSB has been calculated, and the controlling factors in different geological times have been discussed to reconstruct the Cenozoic sedimentary history. Efforts have been also made on the sedimentary provenance analysis. The sedimentary budget of the NWSB and the SWSB showed distinct characteristics in different geological times. Sedimentation is generally dominated by regional tectonic events (such as the uplift of the Tibet Plateau), monsoon, continental fluvial systems and sea-level changes, but will be complicated by local tectonic events and geographic position. The main sediment source of the NWSB was the terrestrial sediment transported from the South China, and a small amount from Red River, the Hainan Island, and Dongsha local uplifts. The sediment provenance of the SWSB was mainly from the Indo-China Peninsula, the Nansha area, and the Palawan before the Late Miocene. After that, sediments were mainly transported from the modern Mekong River.
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图 1 南海主要构造单元及本次研究所用多道地震测线及IODP钻井分布
其中白色虚线方框内为研究区；右下角南海周缘陆上河流水系分布图据Liu et al.(2016)修改
Fig. 1. Main tectonic units and distribution of multichannel seismic profiles and IODP drilling sites in this study, South China Sea
图 2 U1499井(a)和U1433井(b)岩性、沉积环境及层序地层划分
U1499井岩性及地层年代据Li et al.(2015b)；U1433井岩性柱及地层年代据Sun et al.(2018)
Fig. 2. Lithology, sedimentary enviroment of the sites U 1499 (a) and U 1433 (b), and the division of sedimentary units
图 5 西北次海盆和西南次海盆不同地质历史时期内沉积厚度
a.渐新世‒早中新世(33~16 Ma)；b.中中新世(16.0~11.6 Ma)；c.晚中新世(11.6~5.3 Ma)；d.上新世(5.3~1.8 Ma)；e.更新世(1.8~0 Ma)
Fig. 5. Isopach maps showing the thicknesses of sediments for different geological times
图 6 南海陆缘主要沉积区沉积通量
a. 莺歌海‒宋红盆地(Clift and Sun, 2006)；b.琼东南盆地(Clift and Sun, 2006)；c.珠江口盆地(Clift, 2006)；d.白云凹陷(Xie et al., 2013)；e.湄公河陆架区(Clift，2006)；f.湄公河陆坡区(Li et al., 2012)
Fig. 6. Sedimentary budgets of major sedimentary regions in the continental margin, South China Sea
图 7 南海西北次海盆和西南次海盆沉积通量变化及控制因素变化
化学风化指数CRAT函数据Clift et al.(2008)；珠江口盆地相对海平面变化曲线据Pang et al.(2005)
Fig. 7. Sedimentary budget and controlling factors of the NWSB and SWSB
表 1 南海西南次海盆及西北次海盆沉积通量计算结果
Table 1. The calculation results of the sedimentary budget of the study area
沉积单元 地层 起止时间
(Ma)持续时间
(Ma)西北次海盆 西南次海盆 沉积物体积
(1 000 km3)沉积通量
(1 000 km3/Ma)沉积物体积
(1 000 km3)沉积通量
(1 000 km3/Ma)S5 更新统 1.8~0 1.8 4.30 2.39 43.46 24.14 S4 上新统 5.3~1.8 3.5 5.36 1.53 26.67 7.62 S3 上中新统 11.6~5.3 6.3 16.47 2.61 29.30 4.65 S2 中中新统 16.0~11.6 4.4 6.93 1.57 22.01 5.00 S1 下中新统 23~16 7 12.67 0.75 5.36 0.77 S0 渐新统 33~23 10 
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