Mineralization Process of Permian Karst Bauxite in Western Guangxi
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摘要: 桂西二叠纪喀斯特型铝土矿是第四纪萨伦托型铝土矿的矿源层，但是其具体成矿地质过程并不清楚.在矿带东部平果矿田1∶5万区域地质调查基础上，针对性地对二叠纪铝土矿床进行了合山组含铝岩系基本层序、铝土矿成矿物质来源、古喀斯特地貌对铝土矿的控制作用及含铝矿物生成顺序的研究，并阐述了该类型铝土矿从源岩风化到搬运沉积的具体成矿过程.综合前人研究成果，提出桂西二叠纪喀斯特型铝土矿的四阶段成矿模式，分别为孤立台地隆升接受火山喷发沉积物阶段、原地深度风化阶段、积水潜育化阶段和埋藏成矿阶段.Abstract: The Permian karst bauxites in western Guangxi are the source material of the Quaternary Salento bauxites,but their specific mineralization process is still unclear. Based on the 1:50 000 regional geological survey,this paper reveals concrete mineralization process of Permian bauxite from source rock weathering to transport deposition in western Guangxi by focusing on basic sequence of bauxitic series in Heshan Formation,source materials of bauxitic ore,paleokarst control of bauxite mineralization and generation sequence of aluminous minerals of the Permian bauxite deposits and occurrences. Integrating previous studies,it is proposed that geological process of Permian karst bauxite in western Guangxi includes four mineralization stages,namely uplifting of isolated platform and receiving volcanic materials,in-situ deep weathering,waterlogging gleization and buried mineralization.
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Key words:
- bauxite /
- mineralization process /
- karst type /
- Permian /
- western Guangxi /
- ore deposit
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图 1 桂西铝土矿矿带地质矿产简图（据Deng et al., 2010）
1.地质界线；2.辉绿岩；3.花岗岩；4.大中型铝土矿；5.小型铝土矿；6.研究区. 寒武系；D-C.泥盆系-石炭系；P.二叠系；T.三叠系
Fig. 1. Simpilified geological and mineralization map of metallogenic bauxite belt in western Guangxi(after Deng et al., 2010)
图 3 平果地区合山组含铝岩系野外露头、岩石和镜下照片
a. 含铝岩系野外露头（太平矿床TC02），A. 块状铁铝质岩，B. 层状铝质岩，C. 碳质泥岩；b. 铝质岩镜下结构（布绒矿床TC08）；c. 铁铝质岩中黄铁矿囊（布绒矿床TC12）；d. 铝质岩中正粒序层理（太平矿床TC02），A. 砂屑层，B. 胶体层；e. 碳质泥岩中植物根茎化石（布绒矿床TC11）；f. 碳质泥岩层中碳质泥岩（A）、铁铝质粘土岩（B）韵律（太平矿床TC01）
Fig. 3. Photos of field outcrops, rocks and microscope textures of aluminiferous series in Heshan Formation, Pingguo area
图 4 平果地区合山组含铝岩系及盖层层序结构
1.块状生屑灰岩；2.中-薄层生屑灰岩；3.中-薄层含燧石生屑灰岩；4.中-薄层泥灰岩；5.薄层硅质岩；6.中-薄层沉凝灰岩；7.块状铁铝质岩；8.块状（铁）铝质粘土岩；9.层状铁铝质岩；10.层状铝质岩；11.层状铝质粘土岩；12.碳质泥岩夹煤线；13.平行不整合界线；14.植物根茎化石；15.黄铁矿/豆（鲕）粒
Fig. 4. Sequence of aluminiferous series and caprock in Heshan Formation, Pingguo area
图 5 平果地区合山组含铝岩系中长石晶屑残影和石英晶屑显微照片
a. 都结矿化点TC06-2b3样品中长石晶屑残影（反射光）；b. 都结矿化点TC06-2b1样品中长石晶屑残影（反射光）；c. 都结矿化点TC06-2b1样品中石英晶屑（正交偏光）；d. 布绒矿床TC13-b4样品中石英晶屑（正交偏光）. Fs.长石；Qtz.石英
Fig. 5. Images of feldspar residuals and quartz phenocrysts from aluminiferous rock series of Heshan Formation, Pingguo area
图 6 平果地区合山组含铝岩系碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄谐和图及代表性锆石阴极发光照片（束斑大小为30 μm）
Fig. 6. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb concordia age plots and cathodoluminescence images of typical detrital zircons of aluminiferous series from Pinguo area (beam diameter is 30 μm)
图 2 平果地区铝土矿示意图（a）和太平、布绒及都结矿（化）体地质矿产图(b)
1.地质界线；2.断裂及编号；3.铝土矿（化）体及编号；4.探槽位置及编号；5.铝土矿（化）体Al2O3含量（%）、Al/Si重量比及厚度（m）；6.铁矿化体Fe2O3含量（%）及厚度（m）；7.地层产状（o）. C2P1m.马平组；P2m.茅口组；P2q.栖霞组；P3hfb.合山组铝土矿层；T1m.马脚岭组. Prls.二叠纪礁灰岩；Qhg.桂平组；P3h上、下不整合关系在图中未标出
Fig. 2. Schematic map of bauxite in Pingguo area (a) and geological and mineral deposits or occurences in Taiping, Burong and Dujie (b)
图 7 平果地区茅口组（P2m）顶部古喀斯特地貌单元及上覆地层单元
a.石芽坡地及上覆铁铝质岩（太平矿床TC01）；b. 石芽坡地及上覆铁铝质岩（太平矿床TC02）；c.峰体及上覆P3h燧石条带灰岩，缺失含铝岩系（都结矿化带D3920）；d.岩溶漏斗边部及上覆T1m泥质条带灰岩，缺失P3h全部（都结矿化带TC15）；e.岩溶坡地铝土矿，缺失P3h燧石条带灰岩（都结矿化带D4335）；f.岩溶洼地中硅质岩（都结矿化带D4335西）
Fig. 7. Paleokarst geomorphic unit and overlying stratigraphic unit at the top of Maokou Formation (P2m) in Pingguo area
图 8 平果地区二叠纪喀斯特型铝土矿中主要含铝矿物背散射照片
a. 铝质岩中早世代硬水铝石（Dsp1）交代早世代高岭石（Kln1）；b. 铝质岩条带中早世代绿泥石（Chl1）与中世代硬水铝石（Dsp2）共生；c铝质岩孔隙中晚世代硬水铝石（Dsp3）和晚世代高岭石（Kln2）共生，Py.黄铁矿；d. 铁铝质岩中晚世代绿泥石（Chl2）交代晚世代高岭石（Kln2）. 样品均来自太平矿床TC02
Fig. 8. Backscatter images of main Al-bearing minerals in Permian karst type bauxite in Pingguo area
图 9 桂西二叠纪喀斯特型铝土矿成矿模式
1. 台地内部-上斜坡碳酸盐岩；2. 下斜坡-台沟相碳酸盐岩；3. 硅质岩；4. 凝灰质泥岩；5. 泥岩；6. 沉凝灰岩；7. 碳质泥岩；8. 岩溶坡地+洼地；9. 石芽坡地；10. 铝土矿化体；11. 铝土矿体；12. 风化脱硅作用；13. 断层
Fig. 9. Metallogenic model of Permian karst type bauxite in western Guangxi
表 1 平果地区合山组含铝岩系碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄
Table 1. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb concordia ages of detrital zircon from the aluminiferous series of Heshan Formation, Pingguo area
序号 样品号 采样位置 岩性 锆石数量 谐和年龄（Ma） 1 TC02-NL1 太平矿床 铁铝质岩 21 259.1±1.0 2 TC07-NL1 布绒矿床 铝质岩 21 260.2±0.6 3 TC06-NL1 都结矿点 粘土铝质岩 21 259.9±0.6 4 D5840-NL1 果化矿床 铁铝质岩 25 259.3±0.6 
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表 2 平果地区二叠纪喀斯特型铝土矿体局部矿化特征
Table 2. Local mineralization characteristics of Permian karst bauxite ore body in Pingguo area
序号 矿床（化层） 控制工程或点位 古喀斯特地貌单元 含铝岩系岩性（碳质泥岩除外） 含铝岩系厚度（m）（碳质泥岩除外） 矿（化）体厚度（m）（Al2O3含量（%）及Al/Si重量比） 矿物组合 1 太平矿床 TC03 石芽坡地上部 赤铁矿帽 2.0 0（0/0） 未检测 2 太平矿床 TC01 石芽坡地下部 铝质岩 5.6 3.5（52.56/4.1） 未检测 3 太平矿床 TC02 石芽坡地下部 铝质岩、铁铝质岩 5.1 3.9（55.79/5.1） 主要Dsp、Kln、Chl，少量Ant、Gt、Py 4 太平矿床 TC09 石芽缓坡 赤铁矿帽、铝质岩 2.9 1.0（64.23/5.1） 未检测 5 布绒矿床 TC13 岩溶坡地 铁铝质岩、铁质粘土岩 8.7 5.0（43.59/2.0） 主要Kln，次要Dsp、Chl，少量Bhm、Ant、Gt 6 布绒矿床 TC04 石芽坡地底部 铁铝质岩、铝质岩 10.9 7.5（48.07/3.9） 主要Dsp、Ill，次要Kln、Chl，少量Ant、Gt、Py 7 布绒矿床 TC05 石芽坡地底部 铁铝质岩、铝质岩 8.8 7.1（56.37/6.6） 未检测 8 布绒矿床 TC08 石芽缓坡 铁铝质岩、铝质岩 1.1 1.1（69.52/12.7） 主要Dsp，次要Kln、Ill、Chl，少量Ant、Gt 9 布绒矿床 TC12 石芽缓坡下部 铝质岩、铁铝质岩 1.5 1.5（52.61/2.4） 主要Dsp、Kln，次要Bhm，少量Chl、Ant、Gt、Qtz、Py 10 布绒矿床 TC07 石芽缓坡上部 铝质岩 2.1 2.3（67.32/10.2） 未检测 11 布绒矿床 TC11 石芽缓坡底部 铝质岩 4.4 4.0（69.63/25.5） 主要Dsp，次要Kln、Ill，少量Chl、Ant、Gt 12 都结矿化带 TC15 岩溶漏斗 粘土岩 4.4 4.4（36.37/0.8） 主要Kln，次要Chl，少量Dsp、Ant、Gt 13 都结矿化带 TC06 岩溶坡地 铁铝质粘土岩、铝质粘土岩 25.1 15.1（46.31/1.9） 主要Kln，次要Dsp、Bhm，少量Chl、Ant、Gt、Qtz、Py 14 都结矿化带 D3920 岩溶洼地 硅质岩、粘土岩 3.0 0.9（未检测） 主要Kln，少量Chl、Dsp、Ant、Gt 注：矿物组合根据XRD和EPMA两种方法测定. Dsp.硬水铝石；Bhm.软水铝石；Chl.绿泥石；Kln.高岭石；Ill.伊利石；Ant.锐钛矿；Gt.针铁矿；Qtz.石英；Py.黄铁矿.
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