Paleoclimatic Evolution during Late Triassic-Early-Middle Jurassic in South Guangdong of South China Continental Margin and Its Responses to the Tectonic Regime Transition
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摘要: 华南早中生代构造体制转换对粤南地区古气候演化产生了深远影响，但对其内在联系的研究尚有不足.本文以粤南地区上三叠统—下、中侏罗统小坪组、金鸡组、桥源组为研究对象，采集各组泥岩样品进行了X-射线荧光光谱主量元素和ICP-MS微量、稀土元素测试，并开展了沉积特征和古生物特征综合分析.测试表明，小坪组凤岗段泥岩样品CIA（75.7~81.3）、Sr/Cu（0.83~21.3）、Rb/Sr（2.32~12.8）、Mg/Ca（0.57~2.50）和Sr/Ba（0.04~0.19）均指示该区晚三叠世早期为温湿气候，δCe（0.93~0.95）指示弱氧化环境，间接反映该时期为温湿气候；小坪组马安段泥岩样品CIA（77.5~82.2）、Sr/Cu（8.41~13.3）、Rb/Sr（2.08~5.83）、Mg/Ca（0.79~3.10）和Sr/Ba（0.06~0.26）指示该区晚三叠世晚期为干热气候，δCe（1.04~1.05）指示还原环境，间接反映该时期为干热气候；金鸡组、桥源组泥岩样品CIA（77.1~82.3）、Sr/Cu（1.51~4.38）、Rb/Sr（2.16~12.1）、Mg/Ca（0.84~2.94）和Sr/Ba（0.04~0.24）指示该区早侏罗世—早、中侏罗世以温湿气候为主，短暂出现干热气候，δCe（0.92~1.00）指示弱还原—弱氧化环境，间接反映该时期气候以温湿为主，短暂出现干热.将研究区与周缘地区古气候进行对比，晚三叠世—早、中侏罗世粤南及其围区古气候都经历了由温湿（晚三叠世早期）—干热（晚三叠世晚期）—温湿为主，短暂出现干热（早侏罗世—早、中侏罗世）的转变，这一具有相同演化趋势的古气候转变，正是对该时期华南经历了由特提斯构造域向古太平洋构造域转换的响应.Abstract: The Early Mesozoic tectonic regime transition in South China had a profound impact on the paleoclimate evolution in southern Guangdong,but the study of its internal relationship is still insufficient. In order to understand the response relationship,the mudstone samples collected from Xiaoping Formation,Jinji Formation and Qiaoyuan Formation in South Guangdong in Upper Triassic-Lower-Middle Jurassic were used for the main element analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,ICP-MS trace and rare earth element tests,combined with the comprehensive analysis of sedimentary and paleontological characteristics. According to the tests,the CIA (75.7-81.3),Sr/Cu (0.83-21.30),Rb/Sr (2.32-12.80),Mg/Ca (0.57-2.50) and Sr/Ba (0.04-0.19) of mudstone samples from Xiaoping Formation in Fenggang indicate that it was in a warm and humid climate in the Early Triassic,and the redox index δCe(0.93-0.95) indicates a weak oxidation environment,indirectly reflecting the warm and humid climate; The CIA (77.5-82.2),Sr/Cu (8.41-13.30),Rb/Sr (2.08-5.83),Mg/Ca (0.79-3.10) and Sr/Ba (0.06-0.26) of mudstone samples from Xiaoping Formation in Ma'an indicate that it was in a hot and dry climate in the Late Triassic,and the redox index δCe(1.04-1.05) indicates a reduction environment,indirectly reflecting the dry and hot climate; The CIA (77.1-82.3),Sr/Cu (1.51-4.38),Rb/Sr (2.16-12.10),Mg/Ca (0.84-2.94) and Sr/Ba (0.04-0.24) of mudstone samples from Jinji and Qiaoyuan formations indicate that the paleoclimate of Early Jurassic-Early-Middle Jurassic was mainly warm and humid,with a brief time of hot and dry climate. And the redox index δCe (0.92-1.00) indicates a weak reduction-weak oxidation environment,indirectly reflecting the paleoclimate was mainly warm and humid,with a brief time of hot and dry climate. Compared with other areas in South China continental margin,the paleoclimate underwent the same change of warm and humid (the early of Late-Triassic)-dry and heat (the late of Late-Triassic)-mainly warm and humid,dry and hot for a brief time (Early Jurassic-Early-Middle Jurassic). This evolution of paleoclimate in South Guangdong from Late Triassic to Early-Middle Jurassic is exactly in response to the transition from Tethys tectonic domain to paleo-Pacific tectonic domain.
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Key words:
- South Guangdong /
- South China continental margin /
- Early Mesozoic /
- paleoclimate /
- tectonic regime /
- response /
- geochemistry
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图 1 广东地区地质略图和实测剖面位置
底图据舒良树等（2004）修改
Fig. 1. Geological sketch map and measured section location map of South Guangdong
图 2 晚三叠世‒早、中侏罗世叠坪、阳春和三水剖面岩性综合柱状图
Fig. 2. Lithologic comprehensive histograms of Dieping, Yangchun and Sanshui sections in Late Triassic⁃Eearly⁃Middle Jurassic
图 3 野外及镜下照片
a. 小坪组褐色炭质泥岩；b. 金鸡组细砂岩中小型槽状交错层理；c. 金鸡组细砂岩中小型槽状交错层理；d. 桥源组黑色泥岩层夹有煤线；e. 桥源组含砾砂岩与下伏中细砂岩呈侵蚀冲刷接触；f. FG⁃1粉砂质泥岩；g. LZS⁃15粉砂质与泥质互层；h. LZS⁃15粉砂质泥岩；i. OYS⁃1泥岩；j. MA⁃20概率累计曲线及直方图；k. LZS⁃17概率累计曲线及直方图；l. OYS⁃4概率累计曲线及直方图
Fig. 3. Field photographs and photomicrographs
图 4 晚三叠世‒早、中侏罗世泥岩元素地球化学比值纵向变化
Fig. 4. Vertical variation of element geochemical ratio of mudstone of Late Triassic⁃Early⁃Middle Jurassic
图 5 野外照片岩石颜色粒度变化
a. 小坪组凤岗段灰褐色粉砂质泥岩；b. 小坪组凤岗段灰色粗砂岩；c. 小坪组马安段灰白色含砾粗砂岩；d. 金鸡组灰白色细砂岩；e. 金鸡组灰色泥岩；f. 金鸡组黄色粉砂质泥岩；g. 桥源组灰色页岩夹煤线；h. 桥源组灰色炭质页岩；i. 桥源组灰色中砂岩
Fig. 5. Field photos of rock color and grain size change
表 1 典型样品的粒度分析特征
Table 1. Granularity analysis characteristics of typical samples
样品号 Φ5 Φ16 Φ25 Φ50 Φ75 Φ84 Φ95 Mz σi SK KG MA⁃15 2.23 2.51 2.65 2.83 3.08 3.15 3.30 2.83 0.32 ⁃0.06 1.02 ZS⁃17 1.76 2.04 2.17 2.41 2.62 2.71 2.90 2.39 0.34 ⁃0.12 1.04 OYS⁃4 0.80 1.01 1.10 1.30 1.54 1.63 1.84 1.31 0.31 0.05 0.97 注：Φ5代表累积曲线上百分含量达到5%时对应的粒径（Φ值），依此同理. 
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表 2 粤南地区泥岩样品常量(%)、微量(10-6)及稀土元素(10-6)含量和元素比值
Table 2. Content and element ratio of main elements (%), trace elements (10-6) and rare elements (10-6) in the mudstone samples of South Guangdong
时代 晚三叠世 早侏罗世 早‒中侏罗世 层位 西安叠坪小坪组 阳春荔枝
山金鸡组三水欧阳
山桥源组样品号 FG-1 FG-2 FG-3 FG-4 FG-8 FG-9 FG-10 FG-11 MA-18 MA-19 MA-23 LZS-11 LZS-12 LZS-15 O-1 O-2 O-3 SiO2 64.9 66.9 65.1 66.3 56.3 55.8 57.2 69.1 61.7 61.5 60.1 63.5 61.2 63.2 34.1 34.1 34.8 Al2O3 21.8 21.2 21.9 21.2 19.4 18.8 20.6 18.2 24.5 24.4 23.0 20.2 22.8 20.2 12.4 13.4 13.1 TFe2O3 0.92 0.62 0.72 0.65 7.44 8.36 6.39 2.92 1.10 1.15 1.50 4.06 3.08 4.00 29.6 29.6 30.0 CaO 1.12 0.76 0.38 0.57 1.41 0.86 0.83 0.18 1.03 0.38 0.29 0.34 0.51 1.18 1.06 0.93 1.35 MgO 0.64 0.78 0.66 0.60 1.20 1.29 0.99 0.45 0.81 0.82 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.03 1.13 1.24 1.14 K2O 5.66 5.53 5.80 5.56 4.73 4.58 5.31 3.83 4.45 4.59 6.13 4.41 4.92 4.69 1.83 1.82 1.78 Na2O 0.19 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.37 0.40 0.49 0.17 0.25 0.30 0.26 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13 TiO2 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.76 0.64 0.48 0.70 0.70 0.76 0.30 0.30 0.12 P2O5 0.15 0.10 0.08 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.08 0.22 0.25 0.3 MnO 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.12 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.26 0.27 0.25 Sr 26.9 28.3 31.4 25.1 137.0 120.0 106.0 61.0 158.0 156.0 57.1 21.9 51.7 33.9 60.5 63.7 61.2 Cu 11.10 11.40 11.30 30.10 9.25 10.10 4.99 22.40 11.90 12.30 6.79 14.50 11.80 9.24 22.00 22.80 21.40 Zr 325.9 312.0 332.0 315.0 196.0 190.0 76.2 365.0 255.0 246.0 125.0 267.0 300.0 336.0 120.0 119.0 118.0 Th 32.3 29.5 32.7 29.3 22.4 21.1 20.2 26.6 19.2 18.0 18.6 14.2 16.7 14.5 11.4 11.9 11.7 U 7.65 6.07 8.06 7.35 3.68 4.51 2.53 5.59 3.62 3.30 3.71 2.53 2.78 2.62 2.61 2.71 2.65 Sc 17.30 13.80 15.70 11.40 16.00 14.50 5.66 16.00 16.80 15.90 17.40 14.40 16.60 13.60 19.30 20.20 19.40 V 103.0 95.0 106.0 95.2 117.0 111.0 104.0 105.0 142.0 141.0 160.0 136.0 151.0 132.0 113.0 116.0 115.0 Cr 81.9 75.1 82.8 72.5 81.0 72.2 77.0 76.9 114.0 112.0 118.0 93.4 107.0 91.0 60.3 61.2 60.4 B 69.7 59.3 64.4 59.6 55.1 52.9 33.1 67.8 156.0 119.0 72.0 74.1 87.2 89.4 41.1 79.1 35.2 Ga 44.6 40.8 44.6 39.1 42.1 37.3 39.9 34.2 42.0 40.6 50.4 33.6 42.6 34.5 22.1 22.3 22.4 Rb 344 320 354 323 317 280 301 223 334 324 333 265 292 239 135 138 140 Ba 696 650 725 658 717 639 710 469 609 609 1 033 504 713 526 256 263 264 Co 0.31 0.24 0.30 0.19 22.10 25.00 17.70 4.00 1.63 1.61 2.11 1.45 1.38 1.59 10.00 10.90 10.70 Ni 7.68 5.79 8.29 10.10 57.20 61.20 51.10 19.10 29.20 29.80 23.10 14.80 10.50 8.25 34.30 40.60 36.80 La 86.60 81.80 95.70 80.90 50.90 50.10 45.30 63.40 79.60 78.90 37.40 47.60 74.60 51.80 31.78 32.35 32.15 Ce 173.0 163.0 194.0 159.0 100.0 98.0 89.8 121.0 148.0 145.0 72.7.0 89.2 146.0 106.0 64.0 64.4 64.3 Pr 19.10 18.30 21.80 17.70 10.90 10.70 9.83 13.00 15.10 14.70 7.78 9.74 15.40 10.80 7.26 7.35 7.35 Nd 74.1 74.8 88.1 69.7 42.7 41.6 38.4 50.6 58.8 56.7 30.8 38.0 60.5 42.2 30.1 30.4 30.5 Sm 13.70 14.40 16.80 12.80 8.41 8.32 7.43 9.52 10.60 10.30 6.07 5.86 10.50 6.89 6.59 6.84 6.67 Eu 2.08 2.24 2.63 1.96 1.48 1.45 1.42 1.44 2.38 2.26 1.24 1.04 1.99 1.23 1.16 1.23 1.23 Gd 10.80 11.90 13.60 10.50 7.94 8.05 6.90 8.99 10.20 9.25 5.79 4.49 8.45 5.47 7.24 7.81 7.39 Tb 1.62 1.76 1.97 1.56 1.41 1.46 1.19 1.57 1.59 1.38 1.07 0.87 1.31 0.99 1.36 1.45 1.37 Dy 7.92 8.47 9.44 7.52 7.54 7.62 5.81 8.78 8.09 6.27 5.11 4.14 6.13 4.72 7.22 7.81 7.30 Ho 1.56 1.61 1.78 1.48 1.58 1.60 1.24 1.89 1.64 1.30 1.13 0.98 1.27 1.06 1.55 1.63 1.60 Er 4.01 4.08 4.43 3.75 4.19 4.20 3.11 5.24 4.19 3.26 2.89 2.60 3.31 2.89 4.18 4.42 4.30 Tm 0.58 0.58 0.62 0.53 0.60 0.61 0.46 0.78 0.58 0.47 0.42 0.41 0.50 0.47 0.60 0.62 0.62 Yb 3.63 3.54 3.87 3.30 3.85 3.82 2.83 4.98 3.55 2.85 2.67 2.63 3.30 3.16 3.77 4.07 3.98 Lu 0.57 0.58 0.61 0.55 0.61 0.61 0.48 0.78 0.58 0.48 0.46 0.46 0.56 0.55 0.64 0.66 0.67 CIA 75.7 76.7 77.5 77.2 74.9 76.3 75.7 81.3 81.0 82.2 77.5 80.5 80.4 77.1 80.5 82.3 80.1 ∑REE 399 387 456 371 243 238 214 291 345 333 175 208 333 238 168 171 169 LREE/HREE 12.00 10.90 11.50 11.70 7.75 7.51 8.73 7.83 22.80 22.60 22.60 11.60 12.40 11.30 5.31 5.01 5.22 HREE 30.7 32.5 36.4 29.2 27.7 28.0 22.0 33.0 30.4 25.3 19.5 16.6 24.8 19.3 26.6 28.5 27.2 La/Yb 304.00 281.00 319.00 290.00 165.00 161.00 187.00 154.00 256.00 299.00 157.00 18.10 22.60 16.40 8.42 7.93 8.07 (La/Yb）N 15.40 15.00 16.00 15.90 8.56 8.47 10.40 8.60 15.10 18.70 9.43 11.70 14.60 10.60 5.45 5.13 5.22 δEu 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.55 0.54 0.60 0.47 0.70 0.71 0.64 0.63 0.65 0.61 0.52 0.52 0.54 δCe 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.93 1.04 1.04 1.05 0.92 0.96 1.00 0.94 0.93 0.93 m 2.96 3.69 3.00 2.83 6.19 6.88 4.78 2.46 3.31 3.36 3.91 4.96 4.83 5.11 9.08 9.29 8.68 Sr/Cu 2.43 2.48 2.78 0.83 14.80 11.90 21.30 2.73 13.30 12.70 8.41 1.51 4.38 3.67 2.75 2.80 2.87 V/Cr 1.26 1.26 1.28 1.31 1.44 1.54 1.35 1.37 1.25 1.26 1.36 1.46 1.41 1.45 1.87 1.90 1.90 Ni/Co 24.8 24.1 27.6 52.9 2.59 2.45 2.89 4.78 18.0 18.5 11.0 10.2 7.64 5.19 3.42 3.74 3.45 Mg/Ca 0.57 1.03 1.74 1.05 0.85 1.50 1.19 2.50 0.79 2.16 3.10 2.94 2.16 0.87 1.07 1.33 0.84 Sr/Ba 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.19 0.19 0.15 0.13 0.26 0.26 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.24 0.24 0.23 B/Ga 1.56 1.45 1.44 1.52 1.31 1.42 0.83 1.98 3.72 2.92 1.43 2.21 2.05 2.59 1.86 3.54 1.57 Rb/Sr 12.80 11.30 11.30 12.90 2.32 2.33 2.83 3.66 2.11 2.08 5.83 12.10 5.65 7.05 2.23 2.16 2.28 注：δEu=Eun/[（Smn）（Gdn）]1/2、δCe=Cen/[（Lan）（Prn）]1/2，下标n为球粒陨石标准化值（Taylor and Mclennan, 1985）.下标N为北美页岩标准化值（Haskin and Haskin, 1966）.CIA=[（A12O3）/（A12O3+CaO*+Na2O+K2O）]×100（Young and Nesbitt, 1999），CaO*为硅酸盐矿物中的CaO成分.
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表 3 泥岩样品常量、微量元素古气候判别指标
Table 3. Paleoclimate discrimination indexes of major and trace elements in mudstone samples
指标 样品范围 指示意义 CIA 74.9~82.3 寒冷干燥（60~70） 温暖湿润（70~80） 炎热干燥（80~100） Sr/Cu 1.51~21.3 温湿气候（1.5~7.0） 炎热干燥（＞10）
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表 4 泥岩样品氧化还原指标判别
Table 4. Redox index discrimination of the mudstone samples
指标 样品范围 氧化环境 还原环境 δCe 0.92~1.05 < 0.95 > 1 δEu 0.47~0.70 较小 较大
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表 5 晚三叠世‒早、中侏罗世化石分布及古气候指示意义
Table 5. Fossil distribution of Late Triassic⁃Early⁃Middle Jurassic and Paleoclimatic indication significance
时代 地层 化石类型 古气候指示意义 早‒中侏罗世 桥源组 苏铁杉科Podozamites
蚌壳蕨科Coniopteris
紫萁科Todites温湿气候 早侏罗世 金鸡组 双扇蕨科Clathoropteris
合囊蕨科Marattiopsis
海相双壳类Retroceramus heyuanensis
海相双壳类Parainoceramus matsumotoi温湿气候 本内苏铁目Otozamites bechei
鳞叶型松柏Brachyphyllum sp.干热气候 晚三叠世 小坪组马安段 江西蛤属Jiangxiella sp.
菊石J.elliptica干热气候 小坪组凤岗段 大网羽叶属Anthrophyopsis crassineruis
莲座蕨目Bernoullia zeiller
叉羽叶属Ptilozamites chinensis
鳞羊齿属Lepidopteris ottonis温湿气候
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表 6 粤南及围区晚三叠世‒早、中侏罗世古气候特征
Table 6. Paleoclimate characteristics of areas around south Guangdong in Late Triassic⁃Early⁃Middle Jurassic
时代 地区 华南陆缘 南海东
北部粤南 粤东⁃粤中 闽西南 广西 云南 贵州 江西 湖南 礼乐滩地区 潮汕凹陷 早、中侏罗世 温湿气候 温湿气候（短暂出现干热气候）1, 3 温湿气候4 温湿气候（短暂出现干热气候）6, 7 温湿气候11 早侏罗世 温湿气候（短暂出现干热气候） 干热气候（短暂出现温湿气候）1, 3 温湿气候向干热气候转变4, 5 温湿气候6 温湿气候向干热气候转变7 温湿气候向干热气候转变7 温湿气候向干热气候转变7 温湿气候向干热气候转变7 晚三叠世 温湿气候向干热气候转变 温湿气候向干热气候转变1, 2 温湿气候（晚期短暂出现干热）4 温湿气候（晚期出现干热）8 温湿气候（短暂出现干热）9 温湿气候10 注：资料来源：1. 许中杰，2010；2. 邵磊等，2007；3. 王永栋等，2014；4. 许中杰等，2012；5. 曹宝森等，1989；6. 江媚等，2015；7. 邓胜徽等，2017；8. 周统顺，1999；9. 曹洪升，1992；10. Kudrass et al., 1986 ；11. 吴国瑄等，2007.
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