Discovery, Genesis and Significances of First Siver-Tin Polymetal Deposit in Western Gangdese Belt
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摘要: 最新的矿产调查工作在冈底斯西段火山岩区新发现了拔隆银锡多金属矿床，地表矿体表现为受火山沉积断陷盆地边缘逆冲断隆带、火山机构及次级断裂控制的脉状矿体.为了查明该矿床的成因，开展了含矿火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、矿石矿物学、地球化学及S-Pb同位素等研究.结果表明：拔隆矿床含矿火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb加权平均年龄为126.5±1.2 Ma，矿物组合以中低温为主、兼有少量中高温矿物，闪锌矿Zn/Cd和Zn/Fe比值变化分别介于321~17 407、2.4~4.4，黄铁矿Co/Ni比值为2.2~3.6，硫化物样品δ34S值变化于2.94‰~4.48‰，206Pb/204Pb比值为18.590~18.779，207Pb/204Pb比值为15.636~15.865，208Pb/204Pb比值为38.883~39.991，具有岩浆硫、上地壳铅特征，矿床的形成与冈底斯西段早白垩世火山活动晚期的次火山热液密切相关.经与世界典型银锡多金属矿床的对比认为，拔隆矿床的成矿特征与世界大型-超大型银锡多金属矿床较相似，地表矿体属于浅成低温热液型银多金属矿体，向下可能发育有斑岩型锡多金属矿体.拔隆矿床富银含锡的成矿特征在冈底斯西段属于首次发现，该发现不仅为研究冈底斯西段火山岩区矿床成因类型提供了新的资料和约束，还极大地拓宽了冈底斯西段火山岩区的找矿视野.
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关键词:
- 银锡多金属 /
- 陆相火山活动 /
- 斑岩-浅成低温热液型 /
- 冈底斯西段 /
- 矿床
Abstract: The Balong Ag-Sn polymetallic deposit was newly discovered in the volcanic rock area of western Gangdese by mineral resources investigation project. The surface ore bodies are vein type ore bodies controlled by the coupling of thrust belt, volcanic mechanism and secondary faults in the margin of volcano-sediment graben basins. In order to find out the genesis of Balong deposit, the zircon U-Pb geochronology, ore mineralogy, mineral geochemistry and S-Pb isotopes were carried out. The results show that the weighted average age of zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb is 126.5±1.2 Ma in the ore-bearing volcanic rocks, the mineral assemblage is mainly composed of medium-low temperature minerals and a small amount of medium-high temperature minerals, the Zn/Cd and Zn/Fe ratios of sphalerite are 321-17 407 and 2.4-4.4, the Co/Ni ratio of pyrite is 2.2-3.6, the δ 34S value of sulfide changes from 2.94 ‰ to 4.48 ‰, the 206Pb/204Pb ratio is 18.590-18.779, the 207Pb/204Pb ratio is 15.636-15.865, the 208Pb/204Pb ratio is 38.883-39.991.The above results show that the formation of the deposit is closely related to the subvolcanic hydrothermal fluid of the late stage of Early Cretaceous volcanic activity in the western Gangdese, and the ore-forming materials have the characteristics of magmatic sulfur and lead in the upper crust. Compared with the typical Ag-Sn polymetallic deposits in the world, the metallogenic characteristics of the Balong deposit are similar to those of the world's large-superlarge scale Ag-Sn polymetallic deposits. The surface ore body belongs to the epithermal silver-polymetallic orebody, and the porphyry tin-polymetallic orebody may develop downward. The metallogenic characteristics of Ag-rich and Sn-bearing deposit in the western Gangdese are firstly discovered. This discovery not only provides new data and constraints for the study of the genetic types of the deposits in the volcanic rock area of the western Gangdese, but also greatly broadens the prospecting horizon in the area.-
Key words:
- Ag-Sn polymetallic /
- continental volcanism /
- porphyry-epithermal type /
- western Gangdese belt /
- deposits
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图 1 冈底斯成矿带地质矿产简图
a.据Zheng et al.(2014)修编；b.据王力圆等(2016)修编
Fig. 1. Mineral resources and geological map of Gangdese belt
图 2 拔隆矿区火山机构(a)及矿床地质简图(b)
Fig. 2. Volcanic edifice (a) and geological map (b) of Balong deposit
图 3 拔隆矿床典型岩石和矿石特征
a.球粒状流纹岩；b.流纹质晶屑熔结凝灰岩(矿区地表主要含矿火山岩)；c.火山角砾岩；d~f.矿区地表受构造控制的矿体露头；g.火山岩中受构造控制的黄铁矿脉；h.流纹质晶屑凝灰岩中细脉状角砾状银铅锌(锡)矿石，具硅化、方解石化；i.硅化、方解石化、菱铁矿化银铅锌矿石；j.硅化、绢云母化、方解石化、菱铁矿化银铅锌矿石；k.黄铁绢英岩化铅锌矿石，以含有大量黄铁矿为特征；l.硅化、绢云母化、方解石化、菱铁矿化银铅锌矿石，局部具有角砾状特征.Gn.方铅矿；Sph.闪锌矿；Py.黄铁矿；Q.石英；Cal.方解石；Ser.绢云母；Sde.菱铁矿；F.断裂
Fig. 3. Typical rocks and ore characteristics of Balong deposit
图 4 拔隆矿区矿石矿物镜下特征
a.方铅矿(Gn)、闪锌矿(Sph)交代黝锡矿(Stn)；b.黝锡矿(Stn)呈残留体产于闪锌矿(Sph)中；c.硫锑银矿(Dys)(内反射色)；d.方铅矿(Gn)交代黝锡矿(Stn)呈孤岛状、港湾状；e.方铅矿(Gn)交代闪锌矿(Sph)；f.方铅矿(Gn)与闪锌矿(Sph)的共生边结构
Fig. 4. Typical ore mineral characteristics of the monzodiorite in Balong deposit
图 5 拔隆矿区含锡矿物的扫描电镜图像与电镜能谱分析谱线
Fig. 5. SEM images and energy spectral patterns of tin-bearing minerals in Balong deposit
图 6 拔隆矿床岩矿石Ag和Pb、Zn、Sn、Cu品位协变图解
Fig. 6. Ag-Pb, Ag-Zn, Ag-Sn and Ag-Cu covariance diagrams of rocks and minerals in Balong deposit
图 7 拔隆矿区含矿火山岩锆石阴极发光图像和U-Pb谐和年龄图
Fig. 7. CL images of representative zircon and concordia diagrams for zircons from the ore-bearing volcanic rocks in Balong deposit
图 8 拔隆矿床矿石硫同位素组成频率直方图
Fig. 8. Frequency histogram of δ34SCDT for ore sulfides in Balong deposit
图 9 拔隆矿床S同位素组成分布
德新和打加错数据姜军胜(2018)；查藏错数据姜军胜等(2015)；纳如松多数据杨勇等(2010)；斯弄多数据丁帅(2017)
Fig. 9. Distribution of δ34SCDT of ore sulfides from the Balong deposit
图 10 拔隆矿床矿石硫化物铅同位素构造模式图
冈底斯西段其他铅锌银矿床(德新、查藏错、纳如松多、斯弄多、打加错)数据分别姜军胜等(2015)，姜军胜(2018)；杨勇等(2010)；丁帅(2017)；底图据Zartman and Doe(1981)
Fig. 10. Diagrams showing evolutionary tectonic settings of lead isotopes of ore sulfides in Balong deposit
图 11 世界典型银锡多金属矿床矿化蚀变分带模式图(a)和拔隆矿床成矿模式图(b)
图b中，Q.硅化; Sde.菱铁矿化；Ro.菱锰矿化；Kl.高岭石化；Carr.碳酸盐化；Qsr.绢英岩化；Py.黄铁矿化；Gs.云英岩化；Tou.电气石化；γπ.花岗斑岩；λπ.流纹斑岩；SBF.隐爆角砾岩筒.图a据Sillitoe et al.(1998)；李真真等(2019)
Fig. 11. Zonation of metal assemblages and wallrock alteration of tin-silver polymetal deposit in the world (a), the metallogenic model of Balong deposit (b)
表 1 拔隆矿区含矿火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年分析结果
Table 1. U-Pb LA-ICP-MS analyses of zircon from the ore-bearing volcanic rocks in Balong deposit
点号 Th(10-6) U(10-6) Th/U 同位素比值 年龄(Ma) 207Pb/235U ±1σ 206Pb/238U ±1σ 207Pb/235U ±1σ 206Pb/238U ±1σ 1 14 394 5 401 2.66 0.139 3 0.004 5 0.020 0 0.000 2 132.4 4.0 127.8 1.3 2 6 365 3 086 2.06 0.130 2 0.005 5 0.019 2 0.000 2 124.3 5.0 122.9 1.5 3 1 622 1 626 1.00 0.147 5 0.007 7 0.020 0 0.000 3 139.7 6.9 127.6 1.8 4 967 875 1.11 0.146 5 0.011 0 0.020 2 0.000 4 138.8 9.8 128.8 2.6 5 1 412 1 405 1.00 0.131 5 0.007 5 0.020 2 0.000 4 125.4 6.7 128.8 2.3 6 1 026 837 1.23 0.151 9 0.012 1 0.019 2 0.000 4 143.6 10.6 122.6 2.4 7 1 578 1 116 1.41 0.159 1 0.009 9 0.020 1 0.000 3 149.9 8.7 128.4 2.1 8 1 628 1 146 1.42 0.178 2 0.013 0 0.019 9 0.000 3 166.5 11.2 127.1 2.2 9 2 525 2 321 1.09 0.140 2 0.006 9 0.020 2 0.000 3 133.2 6.2 128.9 1.9 10 2 090 2 001 1.04 0.135 1 0.007 1 0.020 0 0.000 3 128.7 6.4 127.6 2.0 11 1 720 1 502 1.14 0.145 4 0.008 7 0.020 7 0.000 4 137.9 7.7 131.9 2.4 12 1 927 1 595 1.21 0.136 1 0.008 3 0.019 3 0.000 3 129.6 7.4 123.4 2.0 13 2 016 1 608 1.25 0.149 0 0.009 1 0.019 4 0.000 3 141.1 8.0 123.6 1.9 14 3 589 1 771 2.03 0.140 1 0.007 2 0.019 7 0.000 3 133.1 6.4 125.7 1.8 15 1 938 1 358 1.43 3.882 2 0.096 6 0.273 8 0.002 8 1 610.0 20.1 1 560.0 14.3 16 3 238 2 401 1.35 0.195 7 0.009 8 0.019 4 0.000 3 181.5 8.3 123.7 1.8 17 2 947 1 815 1.62 0.143 7 0.008 3 0.020 6 0.000 3 136.3 7.4 131.4 1.9 18 882 769 1.15 0.207 6 0.014 1 0.020 0 0.000 4 191.5 11.8 127.9 2.5 19 4 236 2 274 1.86 0.206 2 0.011 0 0.019 8 0.000 3 190.4 9.2 126.3 1.9 20 1 972 1 429 1.38 0.140 5 0.007 9 0.019 8 0.000 3 133.5 7.0 126.3 2.0 21 1 497 1 298 1.15 0.140 1 0.008 8 0.019 5 0.000 3 133.1 7.9 124.6 1.9 22 2 394 1 543 1.55 0.322 3 0.013 2 0.019 2 0.000 3 283.7 10.1 122.8 1.7 
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表 2 拔隆矿床主要金属硫化物电子探针分析结果
Table 2. Results of electron microprobe analysis of major metal minerals in Balong deposit
矿物 测点号 ωB(%) 计算化学式 S Pb Zn Fe Co Ni Cu As Se Cd Sn Bi Ag Au 闪锌矿 BL1-1 34.43 0.003 45.85 18.53 0.05 0.042 0.066 0.014 - 0.143 0.045 0.181 0.032 0.275 (Fe0.33Zn0.7)1.03S1.07 闪锌矿 BL1-2 34.06 - 45.91 18.92 0.048 0.047 0.08 - - 0.146 0.036 0.153 0.025 0.272 (Fe0.33Zn0.7)1.03S1.06 闪锌矿 BL1-3 34.08 0.017 46.63 18.14 0.052 0.04 0.074 - - 0.079 0.059 0.168 0.006 0.275 (Fe0.32Zn0.71)1.03S1.06 闪锌矿 BL3-4 34.3 - 52.22 11.93 0.043 0.046 0.134 - - 0.003 0.078 0.138 0.083 0.411 (Fe0.21Zn0.8)1.01S1.07 闪锌矿 BL3-8 33.63 0.016 50.8 13.41 0.072 0.035 0.38 - - 0.085 0.289 0.135 0.027 0.249 (Fe0.24Zn0.777)1.02S1.05 闪锌矿 BL3-13 33.7 - 51.15 13.16 0.048 0.049 0.63 - - 0.065 0.252 0.159 0.065 0.284 (Fe0.23Zn0.78)1.01S1.05 闪锌矿 BL8-8 33.62 - 50.24 14.54 0.049 0.038 0.344 - 0.013 0.061 0.087 0.171 0.045 0.249 (Fe0.26Zn0.77)1.03S1.04 闪锌矿 BL8-9 33.34 - 50.66 13.65 0.051 0.045 0.831 - - 0.032 0.522 0.086 0.065 0.289 (Fe0.24Zn0.77)1.01S1.03 闪锌矿 BL8-10 33.64 - 50.25 15.09 0.044 0.029 0.258 0.001 - 0.056 0.052 0.128 0.015 0.307 (Fe0.27Zn0.77)1.04S1.05 闪锌矿 BL13-13 33.58 - 49.42 13.96 0.057 0.046 1.068 - 0.004 0.069 0.206 0.126 0.256 0.267 (Fe0.25Zn0.76)1.01S1.04 方铅矿 BL1-4 13.08 85.2 0.394 - 0.068 0.093 0.118 - 0.009 0.101 0.108 0.328 0.112 0.394 Pb1.008S 方铅矿 BL1-5 12.96 84.67 0.512 0.01 0.067 0.109 0.105 - - 0.133 0.128 0.274 0.092 0.306 Pb1.01S 方铅矿 BL1-6 13.2 84.95 0.196 - 0.055 0.111 0.105 - - 0.081 0.108 0.325 0.097 0.28 Pb0.99S 方铅矿 BL3-11 13.22 85.2 0.185 - 0.038 0.114 0.137 - - 0.058 0.225 0.302 0.096 0.342 Pb0.997S 方铅矿 BL8-13 13.14 85.05 0.234 - 0.089 0.108 0.138 - - 0.091 0.165 0.292 0.163 0.29 Pb1.002S 方铅矿 BL13-1 13.11 85.34 0.163 - 0.075 0.109 0.148 - 0.008 0.049 0.165 0.208 0.099 0.317 Pb1.01S 方铅矿 BL13-9 13.19 85.43 0.184 - 0.065 0.12 0.122 - - 0.049 0.157 0.306 0.12 0.31 Pb1.002S 黄铁矿 BL3-1 53.47 0.034 0.074 45.82 0.084 0.025 0.049 - - - 0.039 0.233 0.062 0.169 Fe0.98S2 黄铁矿 BL3-2 53.4 0.031 0.08 45.97 0.104 0.029 0.037 - 0.005 - 0.034 0.269 0.029 0.128 Fe0.989S2 黄铁矿 BL3-3 53 0.08 0.078 46.04 0.088 0.036 0.059 0.148 - - 0.041 0.275 0.025 0.126 Fe0.998S2 黄铁矿 BL8-14 51.29 0.114 0.204 46.98 0.073 0.024 0.063 0.109 - - 0.029 0.228 0.074 0.144 Fe1.05S2 黄铁矿 BL8-15 52.78 0.046 0.062 45.88 0.082 0.038 0.054 - - - 0.034 0.215 0.032 0.145 Fe0.998S2 银黝锡矿 BL3-7 24.43 - 2.66 8.55 0.051 0.055 0.691 - - - 23.021 0.167 39.832 0.246 (Ag0.37Cu0.01)0.38(Fe0.15Zn0.04)0.19Sn0.19S0.76 银黝锡矿 BL3-10 24.67 0.004 3.28 8.39 0.055 0.068 0.804 0.002 - - 22.837 0.089 39.584 0.268 (Ag0.37Cu0.01)0.38(Fe0.15Zn0.05)0.2Sn0.19S0.76 银黝锡矿 BL3-12 24.47 - 1.84 9.17 0.062 0.06 0.813 - - - 23.194 0.108 39.563 0.239 (Ag0.37Cu0.01)0.38(Fe0.16Zn0.03)0.19Sn0.2S0.76 银黝锡矿 BL8-2 24.65 - 4.66 6.73 0.047 0.07 0.769 - - - 22.898 0.118 39.657 0.237 (Ag0.37Cu0.01)0.38(Fe0.12Zn0.07)0.19Sn0.19S0.77 银黝锡矿 BL8-11 24.46 0.044 2.08 9.08 0.056 0.053 0.957 0.036 - - 22.774 0.14 40.103 0.299 (Ag0.37Cu0.02)0.39(Fe0.16Zn0.03)0.19Sn0.19S0.76 银黝锡矿 BL13-3 24.20 0.007 3.93 8.04 0.069 0.094 0.891 - - - 22.938 0.115 39.416 0.207 (Ag0.37Cu0.01)0.38(Fe0.14Zn0.06)0.2Sn0.19S0.75 银黝锡矿 BL13-4 24.76 0.03 1.79 9.05 0.048 0.074 0.791 - - - 23.129 0.121 40.085 0.272 (Ag0.37Cu0.01)0.38(Fe0.16Zn0.03)0.19Sn0.19S0.77
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表 3 拔隆矿床矿石S、Pb同位素组成
Table 3. Sulfur and lead isotopic compositions of ore in Balong deposit
样号 样品名称 δ34SCDT(‰) 206Pb/204Pb 207Pb/204Pb 208Pb/204Pb Φ值 μ ω Th/U BL-1 闪锌矿 - 18.676 ±0.003 15.764 ±0.001 39.350 ±0.002 0.584 9.76 40.33 4.00 BL-3 闪锌矿 - 18.621 ±0.005 15.723 ±0.002 39.248 ±0.004 0.583 9.68 39.82 3.98 BL-5 黄铁矿 4.28 18.621 ±0.002 15.663 ±0.002 39.991 ±0.007 0.576 9.57 42.21 4.27 BL-6 黄铁矿 4.41 18.646 ±0.005 15.726 ±0.003 39.196 ±0.007 0.582 9.69 39.50 3.95 BL-7 黄铁矿 4.41 18.631 ±0.002 15.692 ±0.002 39.072 ±0.005 0.579 9.62 38.75 3.90 BL-8 黄铁矿 4.41 18.642 ±0.005 15.708 ±0.004 39.119 ±0.011 0.58 9.65 39.03 3.91 BL-9 方铅矿 4.34 18.779 ±0.004 15.865 ±0.003 39.628 ±0.008 0.588 9.95 41.88 4.07 BL-10 方铅矿 3.34 18.695 ±0.003 15.770 ±0.004 39.328 1 ±0.011 0.583 9.77 40.19 3.98 BL-11 方铅矿 3.12 18.590 ±0.003 15.636 ±0.003 39.918 ±0.010 0.575 9.52 41.82 4.25 BL-12 方铅矿 2.94 18.603 ±0.003 15.662 ±0.004 38.990 ±0.008 0.577 9.57 38.28 3.87 BL-13 方铅矿 3.20 18.647 ±0.001 15.708 ±0.001 39.133 ±0.004 0.58 9.65 39.06 3.92 BL-14 方铅矿 3.47 18.620 ±0.002 15.674 ±0.002 39.000 ±0.004 0.578 9.59 38.34 3.87 BL-15 方铅矿 3.23 18.596 ±0.004 15.641 ±0.003 38.883 ±0.008 0.576 9.53 37.69 3.83 BL-16 方铅矿 2.94 18.619 ±0.001 15.655 ±0.001 38.931 ±0.004 0.576 9.55 37.89 3.84 BL-17 黄铁矿 4.48 18.706 ±0.004 15.757 ±0.004 39.253 ±0.009 0.581 9.74 39.69 3.94
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