Impacts of Basement Lithology on Reservoir of Lacustrine Carbonate and Clastic Mixed-Deposition in Member l of Shahejie Formation, Bohai Sea Area
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摘要: 渤海湾盆地渤海海域沙一段发育湖相碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩混积岩，勘探实践表明，湖相混积岩在深埋条件下可以保持较高的物性，产能也较高，渤海海域目前发现的混积岩探明储量超过3×108 m3.研究通过地质条件比对，结合薄片、同位素、元素分析、物理模拟实验，提出火山岩基底条件是湖相混积岩规模发育的重要控制因素之一.火山岩基底包括中生界火山岩基底、古近系火山岩基底、以火山岩为母源的沉积体基底3种类型.模拟实验表明，火山岩中的暗色矿物大量水解，会导致周边水体富含矿物质，矿物质富集导致藻类等微生物勃发，进而形成以藻类为食的生物群落的发育，为生屑的大量富集提供了条件.扫描电镜下见白云岩化丝状蓝细菌及球状白云岩，证实在沙一段混积岩存在准同生生物白云岩化作用，早期白云岩化作用有利于储层物性的保持，让后期白云岩化作用有了成核基础，促进了后期白云岩化.火山岩岩屑（砾石）铸模孔和内部溶蚀孔占整体储集空间的10%~30%，对储层物性贡献较大.溶蚀模拟实验证实，火山岩的暗色矿物水解溶蚀可提供Mg2+离子，对埋藏白云岩化作用具有促进作用.Abstract: Lacustrine carbonate and clastic mixed-deposition is developed in member 1 of Shahehjie Formation of Bohai Sea area, Bohai Bay basin. Exploration practice indicates that lacustrine mixed-deposition at deep burial depths is higher in production capacity, with proved reserves of more than 3×108 m3, since it can retain higher physical properties. In this paper, it proposes that volcanic rock basement is one of the important factors of mixed-deposition scale development, based on the geological analyses, combined with thin section, isotope, and elemental analyses, and physical simulation experiment. Volcanic rocks in the basement consist of the following three types:the Mesozoic volcanic rock basement, Paleogene volcanic rock basement, and sedimentary bodies with provenance from the volcanic rocks. Simulation experiments show that the dark minerals in the volcanic rocks in the hydrolysis process can lead to enriched metal ions in surrounding waters, and as a result, microbes arise and microbial ecological community develops, which provides conditions to enrichment of bioclastics. The discovery of dolomization filamentous cyanobacteria and globular dolomite affirms the existence of penecontemporaneous biological dolomization in mixed-deposition. Early dolomization is advantageous to the reservoir property and the late dolomization, facilitating the nucleation for later dolomization. Volcanic rock lithic fragment (gravel) internal mould pores and dissolution pores account for 10%-30% of reservoir space, with significant contribution to reservoir property. Dark mineral dissolution simulation experiments confirm that volcanic hydrolysis solution can provide Mg2+ ions, which facilitates the burial dolomization.
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图 2 不同基底岩性类型的混积岩储层厚度统计
Fig. 2. The thickness of the mixed-deposition on different basement lithology types
图 3 不同温度下不同岩性的溶蚀强度与离子浓度
Fig. 3. The dissolution strength and ion concentration of different lithologies under different temperatures
图 4 不同岩性水解模拟实验（模拟温度150 ℃）
Fig. 4. The simulated experiment of different lithologies (simulated temperature 150 ℃)
图 5 混积岩微生物岩发育特征
a. QHD29-2E-5井，3 383.81 m枝管藻白云岩; b.QHD29-2E-5井，3 747.97 m枝管藻白云岩; c. BZ36-3-2, 3 762.65 m，混积岩储层; d.含砂质生物碎屑云岩相，BZ13-1-2, 4 095.32 m; e.含砂质生物碎屑云岩相, CFD2-1-2, 3 429.50 m; f.结构与形态保持完整的原地介形虫
Fig. 5. The features of microbial rocks
图 6 不同基底岩性类型混积岩白云岩含量对比
全岩分析数据，火山岩基底混积岩246个样品，其他基底混积岩67个样品
Fig. 6. The dolomization degree of mixed-deposition on different basement lithology types
图 7 生屑含量与白云石含量及孔隙度的相关性（岩心样品63个）
Fig. 7. The bioclastic content and content of dolomite as well as porosity correlation (63 core samples)
图 8 微生物白云岩及蓝细菌白云岩化
a.大量微米球形白云石及菌丝体（丝状蓝细菌）, QHD29-2E-5井, 3 340.27 m，SEM; b. BZ36-2-W，2 395.00 m，丝状蓝细菌白云石化，×1 200，SEM
Fig. 8. The microbe dolostone and cyanobacteria dolomization
图 9 湖相碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩混积岩储集空间类型及特征
a. L5-1-1Sa，3 370.00 m，表鲕状白云质中砂岩；b.云质砂砾岩，岩屑粒内溶蚀孔局部发育，呈斑块状，QHD29-2E-5井，3 384.55 m，扇三角洲砂砾岩；c.含生屑云质岩屑砂岩，火山岩砾石的大量溶蚀，粒间充填高岭石，颗粒边缘的白云石包壳保护了岩屑溶蚀孔，QHD29-2E-5井，3 371.00 m；d, e.流纹岩岩屑溶蚀实验前后对比，d为溶蚀实验前照片，e为溶蚀实验后照片，溶蚀后见大量溶蚀孔；f.被强烈胶结、交代的长石及岩屑，b7-2-2, 3 747.26 m
Fig. 9. The characteristics and pore types of the mixed-deposition
图 10 渤海海域混积岩储层发育模式
a.类型1：基底岩性为古生界碳酸盐岩及古近系火山岩可发育中等规模混积岩储层，实例：曹妃甸2-1/2构造；b.类型2：基底岩性为中生界火山岩，可发育大规模混积岩储层，实例：渤中13-1构造；c.类型3：基底岩性为砂岩，砂砾岩母源中生界火山岩可发育大规模混积岩储层，实例：秦皇岛29-2东构造；d.类型4：基底岩性辫状河三角洲或三角洲，在三角洲砂体卸载区的基底隆起位置叠置发育小规模混积岩实例：渤中36-2构造
Fig. 10. The reservoir model of the mixed-deposition, Bohai Sea area
表 1 渤海沙一段泥岩含量及古水体环境
Table 1. The boron content of mudstone in the first member of Shahejie Formation in Bohai Sea and its paleowater environment
井号 深度(m) 层位 B(10-6) 当量硼 古盐度(‰) JZ20-2-1 2 113.0 沙一段 95 200.72 12.57 JZ20-2-1 2 123.0 沙一段 46 155.05 8.11 JZ20-2-5 2 310.0 沙一段 90 248.64 17.25 JZ20-2-5 2 330.0 沙一段 83 157.97 8.39 JZ20-2-13 2 879.7 沙一段 71 182.32 10.77 平均值 77 11.418 
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表 2 渤海海域混积岩与基底岩性的对应关系
Table 2. The corresponding relation of mixed-deposition and basement lithology, Bohai Sea area
构造名称 层位 日产油(m3/d) 构造地貌位置 基底岩性 渤中13-1 沙一段 360.1 远岸中生界火山岩基底隆起 中生界火山岩 锦州20-2 沙一段 208.4 远岸中生界火山岩基底隆起 中生界火山岩 锦州9-3 沙一段 / 远岸火山岩基底隆起 中生界火山岩 秦皇岛29-2东 沙一二段 104 8.0 陡坡带与近岸扇三角洲叠置 以中生界为母源的扇三角洲砂砾岩 曹妃甸2-1 沙一段 115.0 远岸海相碳酸盐岩基底隆起 新生界玄武岩与古生界碳酸盐岩 B7-2 沙一二段 30.0 倾末端近岸变质岩基底隆起 辫状河三角洲砂岩 绥中36-1 沙一段 / 远岸海相碳酸盐岩基底隆起 海相碳酸盐岩 秦皇岛36-3 沙一二段 360.0 陡坡带与近岸扇三角洲叠置 以中生界为母源的扇三角洲砂砾岩 L5-1 沙一段 1 023.0 远岸中生界火山岩基底隆起 中生界火山岩 渤中36-2 沙一二段 111.0 近岸与三角洲砂岩叠置 辫状河三角洲砂岩 秦皇岛30-1北 沙一段 60.0 远岸中生界火山岩基底隆起 中生界火山岩 曹妃甸5-5 沙一二段 致密无产能 远岸中生界碎屑岩 中生界碎屑岩 渤中29-4 沙一二段 / 近岸古生界碳酸盐岩基底隆起 古生界碳酸盐岩 蓬莱14-6 沙一二段 致密无产能 近岸与三角洲碎屑岩叠置 辫状河三角洲碎屑岩
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表 3 主要火山岩矿物-水反应活化能
Table 3. The mineral-water reaction activation energy of mainly volcanic minerals
溶解作用 活化能Eθ(kJ/mol) 顽火辉石 50 斜方辉石 44 钙长石 35 镁橄榄石 38 石英 68~75
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