Lüliangshan: A Mesozoic Basement Involved Fold System in the Central North China Craton
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摘要: 位于华北克拉通中部的吕梁山的形成代表了华北克拉通在晚侏罗世-早白垩世的挤压变形事件，为了更好地理解该期变形的样式、时代、机制和背景，对吕梁山地区开展了详细的野外调查，同时搜集了前人的低温热年代学工作.结果表明，吕梁山是一个中生代期间形成的发育有典型单褶（monocline）构造的陆内基底卷入型大型褶皱系统.早前寒武纪造山作用在基底中形成早期面理（片麻理、片理、劈理以及节理），这些面理在后期近东西向挤压作用下再次活动形成了基底断裂，并导致了上覆沉积地层褶皱变形，吕梁山不同地区褶皱的古应力场方向总体为SE（122°）~NW（302°）.吕梁山单褶构造的构造样式、形成机制以及分布，与北美西部的Laramide造山带中的厚皮构造相似，形成的构造环境也类似.吕梁山褶皱及其单褶构造总体形成于晚侏罗世期间古太平洋板块向西低角度俯冲的环境中，该期俯冲也导致了华北克拉通同期陆内挤压变形.Abstract: The formation of the Lüliangshan located in the central North China Craton (NCC) is the result of the contraction event in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. In order to better understand the style, mechanism, background, and time of this deformation, a detailed field survey has been carried out in Lüliangshan area. The previous work of low temperature thermochronology has been collected. The results show that the Lüliangshan is a large basement involved fold system with typical monocline formed in Mesozoic in NCC. The existing foliations (i.e., gneissosity, schistosity, cleavage and joint) in the basement of the Precambrian orogenic belt in the central NCC reactivated to cause the folding of the overlying sedimentary layers during the later east-west shortening. The direction of shortening which resulted in the basement involved folds in the Lüliangshan is uniform across the entire mountain range, i.e., SE (122°)-NW (302°) compression. The mechanism, styles and distributions of monoclines in the Lüliangshan are similar to monoclines in the Laramide orogenic belt in the western North America. The folds including most monoclines in the Lüliangshan were formed in the Late Jurassic and caused by lower-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate westwards, which also resulted in the intraplate contraction deformation of the NCC.
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Key words:
- Lü liangshan /
- Laramide /
- thick-shinned structure /
- North China Craton /
- Mesozoic /
- monocline /
- tectonics
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图 4 大同云冈剖面单褶
a.观音寺剖面及单褶陡倾地层；b.单褶西翼小断裂.
Fig. 4. Monocline developed in Yungang profile in Datong
图 5 大同云冈剖面中的基底变形
a.花岗岩基底断层露头；b.花岗岩基底断层面；c.花岗岩基底中的节理及节理再活动形成断层的断层面解；d.花岗岩基底中的断层面及断层面解；断层面解中黑色实线代表断层面，红点代表T轴，蓝点代表P轴，下文相同；赤平投影为下半球投影，蓝点和红点分别代表断层面和节理面极点
Fig. 5. Basement deformation of Yungang profile in Datong
图 6 口泉断裂鹅毛口剖面及可能的演化模型
a. 鹅毛口露头；b. 鹅毛口剖面；c. 鹅毛口断裂上盘背斜（单褶）发育模式；d. 鹅毛口背斜（单褶）模拟
Fig. 6. Kouquan fault in E'maokou profile and the possible evolution model
图 7 鹅毛口地区口泉断裂不同断层
a.后期左行走滑断层及褶皱枢纽（赤平投影为下半球投影，红点代表褶皱枢纽）；b.后期左行走滑断层切割早期逆冲断层
Fig. 7. Different faults of the Kouquan fault in E'maokou profile
图 9 宁武-静乐盆地北东方向恒山隆起北西侧逆冲断层
a.单褶剖面；b.单褶露头；c.单褶北翼平缓地层
Fig. 9. Thrust faults of the north-western Hengshan located at the north-eastern Ningwu-Jingle Basin
图 10 宁武-静乐构造带北段单褶构造
剖面根据孙思磊和张兆琪（2019）修改
Fig. 10. Monocline developed in the north part of the Ningwu-Jingle tectonic zone
图 11 东寨单褶基底变形特征分布
a.东寨单褶剖面素描；b.单褶西翼下方花岗片麻岩基底节理；c.单褶下方花岗片麻岩内的断层；d~e，g.单褶东翼下方花岗片麻岩内密集节理与小断层；f.单褶下部基底花岗片麻岩内不同面状构造赤平投影（下半球投影，蓝点、黑点、红点分别代表面理、节理、断层面极点）；h.单褶东翼东部弱变形花岗片麻岩；i.单褶西侧弱变形的粗粒花岗岩；j.单褶东翼寒武系灰岩内小型逆冲断层及其上部张性破裂
Fig. 11. Characteristics of the basement deformation of Dongzhai monocline
图 12 东寨基底卷入褶皱前缘基底变形特征
a.东寨单褶基底花岗片麻岩内早期片麻理再活动形成的双冲构造素描（赤平投影为下半球投影，大圆为变质成因面理，红点代表其极点）；b.双冲构造照片；c基底花岗片麻岩内密集节理和切割节理的断层（平行片麻理）；d.基底内切割节理的逆冲断层素描（赤平投影为下半球投影，红点、黑点、黄点分别代表节理、面理、断层面极点）
Fig. 12. Characteristics of the basement deformation at the front of the basement-involved fold in Dongzhai
图 13 芦草沟-新堡剖面
a.单褶西翼缓倾的寒武系厚层砂岩；b.单褶向东变陡的寒武-奥陶系灰岩；c.单褶东翼陡倾的石炭-二叠系含煤碎屑岩；d.芦草沟-新堡剖面；e.单褶西翼下方前寒武纪滹沱群变质砂岩内的两组节理及赤平投影（赤平投影为下半球投影，大圆为节理面，红点代表节理面极点）；f.两组节理中的一组节理再活动形成的逆冲断层；g.单褶东翼近于平缓的三叠纪厚层砂岩
Fig. 13. Profile of Lucaogou-Xinpu
图 14 隰县黄土吕梁山西缘单褶
a. 黄土吕梁山西缘单褶剖面（赤平投影为下半球投影，大圆为节理面）；b.单褶西部近于倒转的寒武-奥陶系灰岩；c.单褶上部近于水平的寒武系厚层砂岩；d.单褶枢纽（下半球投影，大圆为褶皱两翼，红点代表褶皱枢纽）；e.单褶下方基底片麻岩中的节理；f.平行节理再活动的逆冲断层及断层面解
Fig. 14. Monocline developed in the west margin of the Lüliangshan in Huangtu Town, Xi County
图 15 靳家川离石断裂及单褶
a.露头素描；b.逆冲断层及断层面解；c.断层带内的早期双冲构造（赤平投影为下半球投影，大圆为断层面）
Fig. 15. Lishi fault and monocline in Jinjiachuan
图 16 蒲县峡村离石断裂及单褶
a.离石断裂及单褶剖面露头素描；b.离石断裂素描；c.离石断裂露头及断裂赤平投影（赤平投影为下半球投影，大圆为断层面）；d.离石断裂露头次级断裂
Fig. 16. Lishi fault and monocline in Xiacun Town, Pu County
图 17 中阳县弓阳镇基底花岗片麻岩内断层
a. 弓阳剖面素描；b.褶皱核部基底花岗岩内密集节理（赤平投影为下半球投影，大圆为断层面）；c.节理再活动形成的双冲构造；d.双冲构造断层面上的逆冲擦痕
Fig. 17. Thrust faults in granitic gneiss in Gongyang Town, Zhongyang County
图 18 中阳枝柯基底断层
a. 枝柯基底断层剖面（赤平投影为下半球投影，大圆为断层面和变质面理，红点和黑点分别代表其极点）；b. 枝柯基底露头，发育明显的片理；c. 枝柯基底断层露头
Fig. 18. Thrust fault in basement in Zhike Town, Zhongyang County
图 19 吕梁山南端基底卷入型褶皱
a.固镇剖面素描；b.固镇单褶陡倾寒武系；c.固镇断层面解；d. 固镇北侧单褶下部逆冲断层；e.西磑口剖面素描；f.西磑口断层面解；g.西磑口单褶模型；h.西磑口单褶基底强变形花岗片麻岩（赤平投影为下半球投影，大圆为断层面）；i.西磑口单褶陡倾寒武系灰岩
Fig. 19. Basement-involved fold in southern margin of the Lüliangshan
图 21 狐偃山单褶盖层（a，b）与基底（c，d）中的断层及断层面解
赤平投影为下半球等面积投影，大圆为断层面
Fig. 21. Faults in overlying sedimentary cover (a, b) and basement (c, d) of the Huyanshan monocline, and their fault plane solution
图 22 吕梁山monocline分布与基底构造面关系
赤平投影为下半球等面积投影；橙色大圆和黑色大圆分别代表面理和节理；a. 古应力场方向；b. 平均古应力场方向玫瑰花图
Fig. 22. The relationship between the distribution of the monoclines and the structural plane in basement in the Lüliangshan
图 23 吕梁山地区低温热年代学数据分布
Fig. 23. Location of the low-temperature thermochronological data in the Lüliangshan
图 24 吕梁山不同段磷灰石裂变径迹年龄与样品海拔高度关系（a~c）以及与径迹平均长度的关系（d）
不同段的位置见图 23d
Fig. 24. Fission track ages-altitude plots (a-c) and fission track ages-mean track length plots (d) of the samples from different parts of the Lüliangshan
图 25 北美西部Laramide构造（a）与吕梁山厚皮构造的对比（b）
北美西部构造图修改自Dickinson et al.（1988）
Fig. 25. Comparison between the Laramide tectonic belt in western America (a) and the thick-skinned structures in Lüliangshan (b)
图 26 华北克拉通中部与北美西部Laramide构造带厚皮构造对比
a. 华北克拉通中部北西-南东向地质-地球物理剖面（地形资料根据SRTM-90 DEM；地壳结构根据唐有彩等，2010）；b. 北美西部剖面（据Brown，1988修改）；c. 晚侏罗世华北克拉通中部变形构造背景
Fig. 26. Comparison of thick-shinned structure between the central North China Craton and the Laramide structures in western North America
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