Paleoclimate Evolution and Elemental Geochemical Response during Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous in Tectonic Regime Transition Period in the North Yellow Sea Basin
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摘要: 中侏罗世-早白垩世华北地台东部的北黄海盆地受古亚洲构造体制向滨太平洋构造体制转换的影响，其构造演化经历了伸展-反转挤压-伸展的转变.构造体制的差异不但表现在大地构造性质及其产生的地质效应上，也表现在盆地沉积特征、古生物及古气候等方面.本文以北黄海盆地东部坳陷X1井中侏罗统至下白垩统为研究对象，利用泥岩元素地球化学特征对古气候的指示，结合盆地沉积特征及古生物资料，对古气候演化展开研究.研究显示，中侏罗世-早白垩世X1井泥岩样品的Sr/Cu比值（2.12~34.10）、Sr/Ba比值（0.16~1.60）、Rb/Sr比值（0.13~1.23）、Fe2O3/FeO比值（0.22~11.10）、V/Cr比值（0.91~1.78）、V/Sc比值（4.89~8.33）、Ni/Co比值（1.14~3.85）、δU比值（0.50~0.84）和U/Th比值（0.11~0.24）的纵向变化反映古气候经历了温湿→整体湿润、短暂干热→干热的演化.沉积物经历了暗色细粒沉积物为主→灰色、灰色夹灰绿色、灰色与红褐色互层细粒沉积物为主→灰色粗粒沉积物和红褐色、灰黄色细粒沉积物为主的变化.古生物经历了喜湿植物丰富→喜热植物出现→喜热植物丰富的过程.结果表明，受古亚洲构造体制和滨太平洋构造体制的影响，华北地台向北漂移，北黄海盆地古气候经历了由中侏罗世-晚侏罗世早期以温湿气候为主，至晚侏罗世晚期-早白垩世早期整体相对湿润，出现短暂干热气候，到早白垩世中期-早白垩世晚期为干热气候的演化.北黄海盆地中侏罗世-早白垩世古气候由温湿向干热的转变正是对华北地台东部晚中生代两大构造体制转换的响应.Abstract: The North Yellow Sea basin in the eastern part of the North China platform from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous was influenced by the transformation from Paleo-Asian tectonic system to Marginal Pacific tectonic system, and its tectonic evolution experienced transformations of extension-compression-extension. The differences of tectonic systems are shown not only in the geotectonic properties and their geological effects, but also in the sedimentary characteristics of the basin, paleontology and paleoclimate. In this paper, the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of the well X1 in the eastern depression of the North Yellow Sea basin is taken as the research object, and the paleoclimate evolution is studied by using the indication of mudstone element geochemical characteristics to paleoclimate, combined with basin sedimentary characteristics and paleobiological data. Research results show that, the longitudinal changes of Sr/Cu(2.12-34.10), Sr/Ba(0.16-1.60), Rb/Sr(0.13-1.23), Fe2O3/FeO(0.22-11.10), V/Cr(0.91-1.78), V/Sc(4.89-8.33), Ni/Co(1.14-3.85), δU(0.50-0.84), U/Th(0.11-0.24) from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous reflect that the paleoclimate evolution experienced variations from warm and humid to whole humid, short dry and hot to dry and hot. The sediments experienced the main changes form dark fine-grained sediments to gray, gray interbedded with gray-green, gray and reddish brown interbedded fine sediments to gray coarse-grained sediments and reddish-brown and grayish-yellow fine-grained sediments. Paleontology experienced the process of abundance of hygrophilous plants-appearance of heat-loving plants-abundance of heat-loving plants. The results show that the North China platform drifted northward due to the influence of Paleo-Asian tectonic system and Marginal Pacific tectonic system. At the same time, the paleoclimate evolution of the North Yellow Sea basin underwent a dramatic change from the Middle Jurassic to the late Late Cretaceous; during the Middle Jurassic to the early Late Jurassic, it was dominated by warm and humid climate; from the late Late Jurassic to the early Early Cretaceous the whole climate was relatively wet, with a short dry and hot climate; from the middle Early Cretaceous to the late Early Cretaceous it was dry and hot climate. The paleoclimate in the North Yellow Sea basin has experienced the evolution from a warm and humid climate to dry and hot climate during the Middle Jurassic-the Early Cretaceous, which is a response to the transformation of two major Mesozoic tectonic regimes in the east of North China platform.
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Key words:
- Middle Jurassic /
- Late Jurassic /
- Early Cretaceous /
- North Yellow Sea basin /
- geochemistry /
- paleoclimate /
- response
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图 1 北黄海盆地构造位置（a）及X1井位置（b）
图a据Zhang et al.（2018）；图b据Gao et al.（2018）；1.燕辽隆起区；2.辽东隆起区；3.狼林地块；4.京畿地块；5.渤海湾盆地；6.北黄海盆地；7.莱阳盆地；8.胶东隆起；9.鲁西隆起区；10.南黄海盆地；11.岭南地块；①.西北凹陷；②.西北隆起；③.北部隆起；④.中部凹陷；⑤.东部隆起；⑥.东南凹陷；⑦.南部隆起
Fig. 1. Geotectonics of North Yellow Sea basin (a) and location map (b) of the well X1
图 2 X1井中侏罗统至下白垩统岩性综合柱状图
a. X1井中侏罗统至下白垩统岩性柱状图；b. X1井第一筒至七筒岩心柱状图及测试样品取样位置
Fig. 2. Comprehensive histogram of lithology from Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous in the well X1
图 3 岩心及镜下照片
a. 泥岩发育水平层理；b. 细砂岩与泥岩互层发育波状层理；c. 上侏罗统上部局部发育灰绿色粉砂岩；d. 下白垩统下部发育红褐色泥岩；e. 下白垩统下部发育包卷层理；f. 下白垩统下部发育泄水构造；g. 下白垩统中部发育含砾粗砂岩；h.X7-1粉砂质泥岩（-, +）；i. X6-1粗粒岩屑石英砂岩（-, +）；g. X4-1中粒岩屑石英砂岩（-, +）；k. X3-1粉砂质泥岩（-, +）；l.X1-1粗粒长石石英砂岩（-, +）.Q. 石英；Pl. 长石；L. 岩屑
Fig. 3. Core photographs and photomicrographs
图 4 Sr/Cu、Sr/Ba、Rb/Sr、Fe2O3/FeO比值垂向变化
Fig. 4. Vertical change of Sr/Cu, Sr/Ba, Rb/Sr, Fe2O3/FeO ratio
图 6 X1井典型岩心照片岩石颜色变化
a. 2 415.43~2 415.49 m灰色砂砾岩；b. 2 333.15~2 333.25 m红褐色泥岩；c. 2 623.15~2 623.23 m灰色泥质粉砂岩；d.2 552.34~2 552.44 m红褐色泥岩；e. 2 732.18~2 732.26 m灰色泥岩；f. 2 733.53 m灰绿色粉砂岩；g. 3 208.07~3 208.15 m深灰色泥岩；h. 3 088.41~3 088.53 m黑色泥岩
Fig. 6. Color change map of rock in typical core photos of the well X1
图 7 华北地台东部侏罗纪‒白垩纪古气候及大地构造演化
底图据李三忠等（2018）、冯岩（2012）、Sengör and Natal’in（1996）；图a华北地台东部侏罗纪初期古气候及大地构造重建；图b华北地台东部侏罗纪‒白垩纪转换时期古气候及大地构造重建；1.北黄海盆地X1井古气候资料；2.苏北地区古气候资料据徐宝亮（2008）；3.莱阳盆地古气候资料据金培红（2018）；4.冀北‒辽西地区古气候资料据王大宁等（2016）；5.辽东地区古气候资料据徐宝亮（2008）；6.朝鲜安州盆地古气候资料据成海燕(2009)和江德昕和杨慧秋（1996）；7.辽宁北票；8.辽宁南票；9.北京西山（7，8，9古气候资料据都晓菁（2015））；GU，京畿地块；RY，岭南地块.古纬度数据来自冯岩（2012）
Fig. 7. Paleoclimate and tectonic evolution of Jurassic-Cretaceous in the east of North China platform
表 1 中侏罗统至下白垩统泥岩样品常量（%）、微量及稀土元素（10-6）含量和元素比值
Table 1. Content and element ratio of main elements (%), trace elements (10-6) and rare elements (10-6) in the mudstone samples from Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous
时代 中侏罗世 晚侏罗世早期 晚侏罗晚期 早白垩世早期 早白垩世中期 早白垩世晚期 样品号 X7-2 X7-3 X7-4 X7-5 X7-6 X7-7 X6-2 X6-3 X6-4 X5-1 X5-2 X5-3 X5-4 X4-2 X4-3 X3-2 X3-3 X3-4 X3-5 X3-6 X1-2 X1-3 SiO2 54.1 52.4 53.5 58.8 49.2 51.2 48.8 57.4 55.6 62.1 50.2 30.4 53.3 60.1 62.0 61.5 43.1 48.2 46.0 48.0 62.9 51.5 Al2O3 16.9 15.5 16.4 17.7 15.9 16.3 22.0 15.2 18.4 13.8 16.2 9.48 18.3 14.8 13.0 17.1 13.7 17.9 17.4 17.3 17.8 15.7 Fe2O3 1.47 2.31 2.23 1.92 2.52 1.52 1.51 0.37 1.65 2.17 3.47 1.76 3.10 3.56 2.30 8.22 7.10 8.49 8.53 7.72 3.10 5.68 FeO 3.52 5.64 3.68 1.72 6.87 3.89 6.87 0.41 5.60 1.64 2.78 1.76 1.64 2.21 3.64 0.74 3.35 4.99 6.34 5.03 0.86 1.51 TiO2 0.70 0.66 0.80 0.72 0.66 0.70 1.10 0.76 0.84 0.70 0.70 0.50 0.70 0.84 0.76 1.00 0.66 0.76 0.60 0.72 0.80 0.70 P2O5 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.40 0.45 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.15 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 MnO 0.10 0.18 0.12 0.03 0.22 0.14 0.08 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.11 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.27 0.13 0.16 0.13 0.03 0.10 CaO 3.11 2.75 3.46 1.65 2.97 4.26 0.49 0.35 0.51 3.93 6.80 26.1 5.45 2.99 3.38 0.79 11.5 2.05 2.54 3.41 0.82 5.64 MgO 2.99 3.00 2.96 1.62 2.88 3.36 2.66 0.33 2.12 2.44 3.34 1.98 2.83 2.34 2.17 1.00 1.56 1.92 2.43 2.36 1.64 2.74 K2O 4.57 4.50 4.68 5.10 4.42 4.82 2.61 2.31 1.89 3.08 3.15 1.98 3.84 3.48 2.78 3.74 2.38 3.69 3.43 3.35 5.10 4.32 Na2O 1.28 0.95 0.92 0.86 1.39 0.74 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.94 0.65 0.57 0.68 0.38 0.17 0.35 0.39 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.25 0.19 LOI 10.7 11.5 10.7 9.26 12.4 12.5 13.4 22.5 12.5 8.44 12.1 24.6 10.1 8.96 9.16 5.24 15.8 11.0 11.9 11.4 5.91 11.3 Total 99.6 99.6 99.7 99.6 99.8 99.9 99.8 99.9 99.5 99.4 99.8 99.4 100.2 99.9 99.6 99.8 100 99.7 99.8 100 99.4 99.6 B 76.9 77.1 78.5 63.8 86.5 82.3 45.2 51.0 26.8 75.8 55.7 30.0 74.3 62.0 65.7 98.7 65.8 79.3 81.3 82.5 110 96.9 Sc 15.7 16.2 15.1 14.5 18.1 15.5 32.3 10.5 26.2 14.7 11.6 10.3 19.8 19.4 13.6 16.8 17.0 23.4 21.9 19.3 12.6 12.9 V 108 110 111 112 95.6 110 176 81.9 128 106 79.3 70.1 126 130 100 140 117 144 143 155 96.3 96.3 Cr 79.2 71.9 76.2 87.3 70.8 74.0 142 80.2 141 78.9 58.0 47.0 89.5 79.1 64.7 87.2 67.2 85.4 84.4 87.1 87.6 75.0 Co 26.5 12.8 11.0 33.1 19.0 18.7 35.3 55.8 32.7 14.2 11.0 8.44 15.8 14.7 14.9 9.95 23.3 28.2 32.0 26.4 9.16 13.3 Ni 36.5 25.3 23.7 51.1 29.8 28.7 136 63.5 88.2 33.3 24.7 24.0 40.7 26.7 27.8 26.1 32.9 40.0 42.4 37.9 28.2 37.0 Cu 37.0 36.2 36.3 51.5 39.5 38.1 50.0 47.7 56.5 36.6 33.1 21.2 43.1 33.1 28.2 20.8 24.8 40.6 44.3 41.4 62.9 22.3 Zn 249 123 84.6 129 104 102 170 139 197 95.3 142 55.1 160 62.3 78.1 86.7 103 125 146 130 63.7 89.1 Ga 35.3 32.1 33.3 37.2 32.5 30.7 76.9 18.6 45.0 26.4 22.5 19.4 32.6 28.5 24.3 31.6 22.4 30.5 29.2 30.1 30.4 32.1 Ge 2.34 2.72 2.58 2.52 2.74 2.27 2.76 1.49 2.19 1.70 1.72 1.16 1.84 1.94 1.83 2.71 2.44 3.13 3.21 3.00 1.97 2.05 As 10.8 5.46 7.33 61.7 1.38 1.58 28.4 45.9 26.2 3.28 2.00 1.90 4.95 3.15 1.74 6.41 4.50 7.21 6.52 5.77 1.79 3.85 Rb 155 158 151 185 164 149 79.4 91.3 51.0 101 104 96.4 149 141 123 203 127 168 160 113 224 166 Sr 223 206 225 246 205 211 301 101 239 141 170 722 189 164 140 165 334 504 396 466 643 427 Zr 310 306 333 342 310 316 161 282 270 233 138 95.0 159 242 220 225 162 157 148 174 186 135 Nb 27.7 26.4 28.3 29.5 27.6 27.8 20.9 13.5 19.4 18.7 12.1 9.04 16.3 19.4 16.6 20.6 15.3 17.4 16.3 17.9 17.3 16.3 Ag 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.21 0.22 0.26 0.20 0.29 0.16 0.13 0.08 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.21 0.10 Sn 3.71 3.52 3.79 4.01 3.64 3.77 3.13 2.37 2.41 3.35 2.40 1.93 3.44 3.04 2.61 3.48 2.75 3.49 3.40 3.50 3.62 3.14 Ba 814 709 756 813 734 630 1860 277 915 512 518 450 661 585 520 579 395 532 494 541 637 837 Hf 8.04 7.73 8.34 9.03 7.80 7.96 4.56 7.20 7.22 6.16 4.01 2.75 4.49 6.48 5.84 6.09 4.35 4.38 4.16 4.76 5.29 4.02 Ta 1.91 1.79 1.95 2.09 1.86 1.94 1.37 1.01 1.24 1.45 1.00 0.91 1.30 1.47 1.29 1.59 1.31 1.45 1.46 1.70 1.36 1.32 Pb 45.4 31.4 35.2 52.5 36.2 41.1 55.4 52.3 43.4 28.4 28.4 13.2 21.4 25.3 17.2 27.3 25.0 37.6 31.14 32.0 43.0 26.3 Bi 0.55 0.51 0.54 0.65 0.48 0.55 0.38 0.31 0.17 0.37 0.38 0.17 0.36 0.32 0.23 0.40 0.29 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.58 0.51 Th 25.3 23.6 26.0 26.6 23.4 24.4 24.8 16.3 19.1 16.7 12.31 9.65 16.2 17.5 14.3 17.4 14.7 20.3 19.4 16.8 18.8 21.1 U 3.95 4.12 4.04 4.93 4.21 4.16 2.73 2.92 3.16 3.00 2.87 2.33 2.48 2.27 2.14 2.29 1.86 2.23 2.15 2.20 2.13 2.52 Y 32.7 37.2 34.7 32.3 39.8 34.3 26.5 25.4 33.0 30.8 26.7 19.4 25.6 29.1 22.8 23.5 43.5 39.1 36.0 36.9 24.8 24.7 La 84.3 83.0 83.6 94.7 76.5 77.0 208 63.5 117 50.0 40.1 29.5 44.4 55.7 40.6 38.1 51.7 60.3 54.6 51.2 55.3 44.5 Ce 144 147 150 169 144 140 394 106 208 93.3 74.5 58.4 80.0 103 73.6 68.9 88.9 113 105 102 99.8 81.1 Pr 17.6 17.6 17.0 19.8 16.6 16.3 43.1 12.0 27.1 11.6 9.68 7.02 9.87 12.0 8.67 7.98 11.1 13.7 12.2 12.3 12.6 9.47 Nd 56.7 59.7 57.7 65.8 57.7 53.9 131 37.2 80.8 40.4 34.5 25.4 33.8 41.1 29.5 27.3 40.3 49.9 44.5 46.4 43.9 32.5 Sm 10.3 10.9 9.93 11.2 11.3 9.90 15.1 7.89 12.1 8.31 7.56 5.00 6.79 7.63 5.59 5.18 8.32 10.6 9.0 9.89 8.93 6.37 Eu 1.67 1.85 1.82 1.76 1.97 1.65 2.42 1.57 2.12 1.62 1.57 1.04 1.35 1.49 1.04 1.05 1.83 2.23 1.92 2.14 1.64 1.19 Gd 7.36 8.61 8.11 8.12 9.59 7.65 8.15 6.26 8.31 6.69 6.65 4.35 5.51 5.98 4.50 4.37 8.10 9.73 8.27 9.01 7.04 5.30 Tb 1.10 1.26 1.18 1.17 1.40 1.17 1.01 1.00 1.23 1.06 1.01 0.73 0.89 0.96 0.76 0.78 1.27 1.44 1.28 1.33 1.02 0.87 Dy 6.00 6.74 6.22 6.25 7.44 6.34 5.02 5.35 6.70 5.78 5.27 3.61 4.85 5.23 4.09 4.45 7.11 7.66 6.91 7.08 5.18 4.75 Ho 1.23 1.36 1.27 1.25 1.46 1.28 1.04 1.05 1.34 1.17 1.07 0.75 1.01 1.12 0.89 0.95 1.45 1.48 1.34 1.40 1.05 1.00 Er 3.39 3.71 3.52 3.37 4.02 3.51 2.92 2.76 3.66 3.25 2.84 1.91 2.75 3.26 2.53 2.71 3.97 3.91 3.61 3.76 2.89 2.77 Tm 0.53 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.60 0.55 0.46 0.42 0.55 0.50 0.44 0.32 0.45 0.53 0.43 0.45 0.59 0.59 0.55 0.57 0.46 0.45 Yb 3.21 3.53 3.40 3.16 3.72 3.35 2.76 2.41 3.37 3.06 2.60 1.74 2.67 3.30 2.58 2.79 3.56 3.54 3.31 3.50 2.85 2.68 Lu 0.54 0.59 0.57 0.52 0.61 0.55 0.48 0.42 0.55 0.52 0.44 0.33 0.47 0.56 0.46 0.48 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.58 0.49 0.46 ∑REE 371 384 380 419 377 357 842 273 506 258 215 160 220 271 198 189 272 318 289 288 268 218 HREE 56.1 63.6 59.5 56.7 68.6 58.7 48.3 45.1 58.7 52.8 47.0 33.1 44.2 50.0 39.0 40.5 70.1 68.0 61.8 64.1 45.8 43.0 LREE/HREE 5.61 5.03 5.38 6.39 4.49 5.09 16.4 5.06 7.62 3.88 3.57 3.81 3.99 4.41 4.07 3.67 2.88 3.67 3.67 3.49 4.85 4.07 Rb/Sr 0.70 0.77 0.67 0.75 0.80 0.71 0.26 0.90 0.21 0.72 0.61 0.13 0.79 0.86 0.88 1.23 0.38 0.33 0.40 0.24 0.35 0.39 Sr/Ba 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.33 0.16 0.36 0.26 0.28 0.33 1.60 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.85 0.95 0.80 0.86 1.01 0.51 V/Cr 1.36 1.53 1.46 1.28 1.35 1.49 1.24 1.02 0.91 1.34 1.37 1.49 1.41 1.64 1.55 1.61 1.74 1.69 1.69 1.78 1.10 1.28 Ni/Co 1.38 1.98 2.15 1.54 1.57 1.53 3.85 1.14 2.70 2.35 2.25 2.84 2.58 1.82 1.87 2.62 1.41 1.42 1.33 1.44 3.08 2.78 U/Th 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.11 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.23 0.24 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.12 δU 0.64 0.69 0.64 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.50 0.70 0.66 0.70 0.82 0.84 0.63 0.56 0.62 0.57 0.55 0.50 0.50 0.56 0.51 0.53 Sr/Cu 6.03 5.69 6.20 4.78 5.19 5.54 6.02 2.12 4.23 3.85 5.14 34.1 4.39 4.95 4.96 7.93 13.5 12.4 8.94 11.3 10.2 19.1 Fe2O3/FeO 0.42 0.41 0.61 1.12 0.37 0.39 0.22 0.90 0.29 1.32 1.25 1.00 1.89 1.61 0.63 11.1 2.12 1.70 1.35 1.53 3.60 3.76 V/Sc 6.88 6.79 7.35 7.72 5.28 7.10 5.45 7.80 4.89 7.21 6.84 6.81 6.36 6.70 7.35 8.33 6.88 6.15 6.53 8.03 7.64 7.47 注：样品由吉林大学测试中心完成，常量元素用X-射线荧光光谱仪测定；微量稀土元素用ICP-MS质谱仪测定；下标n为球粒陨石标准化值，δU=2U/(U+Th/3)(球粒陨石标准化值引自Sun and Mcdnough, 1989). 
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表 2 中侏罗统至下白垩统泥岩样品氧化还原指标判别
Table 2. Redox index discrimination of the mudstone samples of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous
指标 样品范围 氧化环境 弱氧化‒弱还原环境 弱还原环境 V/Cr 0.91~1.78 < 2 2.00~4.25 > 4.25 Ni/Co 1.14~3.85 < 5 5~7 > 7 U/Th 0.11~0.24 < 0.75 0.75~1.25 > 1.25 δU 0.50~0.84 < 1 > 1 V/Sc 4.89~8.33 < 9.1 > 9.1 注：V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th判别指标据Jones and Manning（1994）; δU判别指标据王峰等（2017）; V/Sr判别指标据Kimura and Watanabe（2001）
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