Contribution and Its Temporal Variation of Groundwater Discharge to the Water Mass Balance of Dongting Lake from 1996 to 2017
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摘要: 地下水排泄在湖泊水量及营养盐均衡中发挥着重要作用，其中地下水向湖泊排泄的量化是关键，但目前对其时间变异性的研究却十分薄弱.针对这一科学问题，以长江中游重要调蓄湖泊-洞庭湖为例，通过收集1996~2017年洞庭湖流域的水文和气象数据，基于质量平衡模型，查明地下水排泄对洞庭湖水量均衡的贡献以及地下水向洞庭湖排泄强度随时间的变化.结果显示：（1）枯水期时地下水排泄量为（0.17~1.51）亿m3/d，地下水排泄强度为38.74~207.26 mm/d，地下水排泄对湖泊水量均衡的贡献为8.70%~30.37%；（2）地下水排泄量、地下水排泄强度、地下水排泄对湖泊水量均衡的贡献在1996~2017年间均呈现出明显的先降低再升高的变化趋势，三峡水库蓄水后至三峡工程全面竣工初期的地下水排泄相较于三峡水库蓄水前和三峡工程全面运行后显著降低；（3）三峡工程运行对长江水位及地下水位的改变可能是引起湖底地下水排泄时间变异性的重要原因.为洞庭湖区域的水量均衡提供了新的认识，也为今后洞庭湖区域水资源开发利用和区域生态安全管理提供了理论支撑.Abstract: Groundwater discharge plays an important role in lake water and nutrient mass balance, for which the key is to quantify lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD). However, the temporal variation of LGD has been poorly known. In response to this scientific problem, this study takes the important lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River-Dongting Lake as an example. By collecting hydrological and meteorological data from the Dongting Lake basin in 1996-2017, the contribution of groundwater discharge to Dongting Lake and the temporal variation of LGD rate were determined based on the mass balance model. The results indicated that: (1) The LGD volume during the dry season was (0.17-1.51)×108 m3/d, the LGD rate was 38.74-207.26 mm/d, and the contribution of LGD to Dongting Lake was 8.70%-30.37%; (2) the LGD volume, rate and its contribution to Dongting Lake showed a decreasing tendency during 2003-2010 and an increasing tendency during 2010-2017, and the LGD from the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir to the completion of the Three Gorges Project was significantly lower than that before the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir and the completion of the Three Gorges Project; (3) the changes of the Yangtze River stage and groundwater table induced by the operation of the Three Gorges Project may be an important cause for the temporal variability of LGD. This study provides a new understanding of the water balance in the Dongting Lake area, as well as the theoretical support for the future utilization of water resources and regional ecological security management in the Dongting Lake area.
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Key words:
- groundwater /
- Dongting Lake /
- mass balance model /
- temporal variation /
- water balance
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图 3 1996~2017年地下水排泄强度的变化
Fig. 3. Changes in groundwater discharge rate from 1996 to 2017
图 4 地下水排泄量的贡献随时间的变化
Fig. 4. Changes in contribution of groundwater discharge to water mass balance
图 5 长江-洞庭湖之间区域地下水流动的概念模型
Fig. 5. Conceptual model of groundwater flow in the area between the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake
图 6 长江监利站水位与地下水排泄量的关系
Fig. 6. Relationship between water level in Jianli Station of Yangtze River and groundwater discharge to the Dongting Lake
表 1 敏感性分级
Table 1. Classification of sensitivity degree
等级 范围 敏感性表征 Ⅰ |S| < 0.05 不敏感 Ⅱ 0.05 < |S| < 0.20 弱敏感 Ⅲ 0.20 < |S| < 0.50 一般敏感 Ⅳ 0.50 < |S| < 1.00 比较敏感 Ⅴ 1.00 < |S| 极为敏感 
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表 2 1996~2017年枯水期的地下水排泄量、排泄强度和各入湖端元对水量均衡的贡献
Table 2. Groundwater discharge and discharge rate during dry season and percentage of contribution to the water balance by each lake end element from 1996 to 2017
地下水排泄量(亿m3/d） 地下水排泄强度（mm/d） 降水对水量均衡的贡献（%） 地表水对水量均衡的贡献（%） 地下水对水量均衡的贡献（%） 区间 0.71~1.51 38.74~207.26 0.09~0.65 69.31~91.00 8.70~30.37 均值 0.55 98.78 0.32 81.37 18.31
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表 3 水量均衡模型的参数相对敏感度分析结果
Table 3. Results of relative sensitivity analysis of parameters of water balance model
参数 相对敏感度 敏感度分级 敏感性特征 出湖水量Ro 5.375 Ⅴ 极度敏感 入湖水量Ri 0.522 Ⅳ 比较敏感 降水量Pi 0.013 Ⅰ 不敏感 蒸发量Eo 0.009 Ⅰ 不敏感 湖容变化量ΔV 0.047 Ⅰ 不敏感
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