Timing of Tectonothermal Events in Archean Basement of the North China Craton
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摘要: 华北克拉通存在3.8 Ga以上的形成演化历史，存在4.0~4.1 Ga锆石年龄记录.本文对华北克拉通太古宙变质基底构造热事件进行了综述，重点是事件时限.最古老变质锆石年龄记录为3.71~3.75 Ga和4.0 Ga，为北秦岭造山带西段古生代变质火山-沉积岩中的碎屑或外来锆石.古太古代（~3.3 Ga）构造热事件在鞍山地区广泛存在，导致条带状奥长花岗岩形成.新太古代早期-中太古代晚期变质锆石年龄可进一步划分为两期：2.65~2.85 Ga和~2.6 Ga.2.65~2.85 Ga变质锆石年龄记录存在于胶东、鲁西、鲁山地区.由于后期构造热事件影响，在很多情况下难以确定变质锆石的准确年龄，但>2.65 Ga构造热事件在华北克拉通无疑存在.与2.65~2.85 Ga构造热事件相比，~2.6 Ga构造热事件更为发育，除在鲁西地区广泛存在外，在胶东、鲁山等地也存在.可把2.6 Ga作为华北克拉通新太古代早期和晚期的年龄界线.华北克拉通最重要的太古宙构造热事件出现在新太古代晚期（2.49~2.53 Ga）.所有太古宙岩石分布区，都遭受了这一构造热事件影响.总体上，与华北克拉通南部地区相比，华北克拉通北部地区普遍记录了更高级别变质作用，可能与地壳剥蚀深度不同有关.华北克拉通太古宙变质作用强度和范围随时间演化不断增大，在新太古代晚期达到高潮.与太古宙大陆壳厚度和规模随时间演化不断增大的演化趋势一致.一些地区存在古元古代最早期（2.40~2.47 Ga）甚至更年轻的变质锆石年龄记录，并不意味着构造热事件的真实存在，而是古元古代晚期构造热事件强烈叠加改造的缘故.Abstract: The North China Craton (NCC) has a long-term formation and evolution history up to 3.8 Ga rock records, with 4.0-4.1 Ga zircons. This paper summarizes the Archean tectonothermal events of the Craton, mainly focusing on the timing of the events. The oldest metamorphic zircon ages are 3.71-3.75 Ga and 4.0 Ga identified for detrital or xenocrystic zircons from Paleozoic meta-volcano-sedimentary rock in western segment of the North Qinling Belt near the southern margin of the NCC. Paleoarchean (~3.3 Ga) tectonothermal event widely occurs in the Anshan area, resulting in formation of banded trondhjemite gneisses. Early Neoarchean-late Mesoarchean metamorphic zircon ages can be subdivided into two groups: 2.65-2.85 Ga and ~2.6 Ga. 2.65-2.85 Ga metamorphic zircon ages have been obtained in western Shandong, eastern Shandong and Lushan. It is difficult to determine the exact age of tectonothermal event because of strong overprinting of the late Neoarchean. However, late Mesoarchean to early Neoarchean tectonothermal event must have occurred in the NCC. Compared with the 2.65-2.85 Ga tectonothermal events, the ~2.6 Ga event was more clearly developed in the NCC, such as in eastern Shandong and Lushan, besides being widely identified in western Shandong. 2.6 Ga is a convenient time to set as the early Neoarchean-late Neoarchean boundary. The most important Archean tectonothermal events occurred at the late Neoarchean (2.49-2.53 Ga), which have been identified in every Archean basement area of the NCC. In general, its northern domain recorded higher-grade metamorpism than its southern domain probably due to the former exposuring deeper crustal level. In the NCC, metamorphic intensity and scope became stronger and larger with time going on, peaking at the end of the Noearchean, consistent with the Archean continental crust becoming larger in thickness and scale with time. In some areas where the late Paleoproterozoic tectonothermal event was well developed, some metamorphic zircons recorded the earlest Paleoproterozic and even younger ages (2.40-2.47 Ga). This may not mean the existence of these events, but is a result of strong overprinting of the late Paleoproterozoic events.
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Key words:
- North China Craton /
- tectonothermal events /
- Archean /
- geological evolution /
- geochronology
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图 2 北秦岭造山带西段古生代草滩沟群变质火山碎屑沉积岩（DIWU）中的古老锆石的CL图像（Diwu et al., 2013）
Fig. 2. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of ancient zircons from the meta-volcano-sedimentary rock (DIWU) of the Paleozoic Caotangou Group in the Sangyuan area, western segment of the North Qinling Orogenic Belt (Diwu et al., 2013)
图 3 鞍山地区地质图（Wan et al., 2019）
Fig. 3. Geological map of Anshan (Wan et al. 2019)
图 4 鞍山地区古老杂岩岩石野外照片
a. 3.8 Ga条带状奥长花岗岩（Liu et al., 2008），东山杂岩；b. 3.8 Ga条带状奥长花岗岩（Wan et al., 2012a），深沟寺杂岩；c. 3.8 Ga片麻状和条带状奥长花岗岩相邻，锅底山杂岩；d. 3.8 Ga条带状奥长花岗岩，锅底山杂岩；锅底山杂岩由Wang et al.（2015a）首先发现
Fig. 4. Field photographs of rocks in ancient complexes in Anshan
图 5 鞍山地区古老杂岩岩石的锆石CL图像和U-Pb谐和图
a. 3.33 Ga变质基性岩脉（A0710）的外来锆石的CL图像（Wan et al., 2012a），深沟寺杂岩，括号内分别为207Pb/206Pb年龄和Th/U比值，由于束斑部分位于变质锆石域之外，数据点10.2的207Pb/206Pb年龄和Th/U比值偏大. 10.3年龄偏年轻，与强烈放射性成因铅丢失有关；b. 3.3 Ga奥长花岗质浅色体（C209-3）的锆石CL图像（Wang et al., 2015a），锅底山杂岩；c. 3.3 Ga奥长花岗质浅色体（C209-3）的锆石U-Pb谐和图（Wang et al., 2015a），锅底山杂岩
Fig. 5. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from the rocks in ancient complexes in Anshan
图 6 胶东栖霞地区地质图（万渝生等，未发表资料）
Fig. 6. Geological map of eastern Shandong (Wan et al., unpublished information)
图 7 胶东地区太古宙岩石的野外照片
a. 2.7 Ga片麻状英云闪长岩（JD1467，万渝生等，未发表资料），栖霞；b. 2.9 Ga片麻状闪长岩（JD1424，万渝生等，2019），莱州；c. 2.9 Ga糜棱岩化英云闪长岩（QX1525，万渝生等，未发表资料），栖霞；d. 2.5 Ga条带状岩石（暗色部分：S1369，万渝生等，未发表资料），栖霞
Fig. 7. Field photographs of Archean rocks in eastern Shandong
图 8 胶东地区太古宙岩石的锆石CL图像和U-Pb谐和图
a、b. 2.7 Ga片麻状英云闪长岩（JD1467，万渝生等，未发表资料），栖霞；c、d. 2.9 Ga片麻状闪长岩（JD1424，万渝生等，2019），莱州；e、f. 2.9 Ga糜棱岩化英云闪长岩（QX1525，万渝生等，未发表资料），栖霞；g、h. 2.5 Ga条带状岩石的暗色部分（S1369，万渝生等，未发表资料），栖霞
Fig. 8. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from Archean rocks in eastern Shandong
图 9 鲁西地区地质图（Wan et al., 2010）
Fig. 9. Geological map of western Shandong (Wan et al., 2010)
图 10 鲁西地区新太古代早期岩石的野外照片（Ren et al., 2016）
a.片麻状英云闪长岩（CY001-TM1）和片麻状奥长花岗岩（浅色体，S1141）之间关系，泰安东北；b.片麻状英云闪长岩（CY001-TM1），位置同图a；c.片麻状奥长花岗岩（浅色体，S1141），位置同图a
Fig. 10. Field photographs of early Neoarchean rocks in western Shandong (Ren et al., 2016)
图 11 鲁西地区新太古代早期岩石的锆石CL图像和U-Pb谐和图（Ren et al., 2016）
a、b.片麻状英云闪长岩（CY001-TM1），泰安东北；c、d.片麻状奥长花岗岩（浅色体，S1141），泰安东北
Fig. 11. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from early Neoarchean rocks in western Shandong (Ren et al., 2016)
图 12 鲁山地区中太古代岩石的野外照片（Liu et al., 2009）
a.条带状斜长角闪岩（LS0417-1），观音寺西北；b.片麻状英云闪长岩（LS0417-2），观音寺西北
Fig. 12. Field photographs of Mesoarchean rocks in Lushan (Liu et al., 2009)
图 13 鲁山地区中太古代岩石的锆石CL图像和U-Pb谐和图（Liu et al., 2009）
a、b.条带状斜长角闪岩（LS0417-1），锆石颗粒1中包裹了辉石（Cpx)），观音寺西北；c、d.片麻状英云闪长岩（LS0417-2），观音寺西北
Fig. 13. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from Mesoarchean rocks in Lushan (Liu et al., 2009)
图 14 辽北地区地质图（万渝生等，2005）
Fig. 14. Geological map of northern Liaoning (Wan et al., 2005)
图 16 鞍本地区地质图（万渝生等，2018）
Fig. 16. Geological map of Anshan-Benxi (Wan et al., 2018)
图 18 鞍本地区新太古代晚期鞍山群岩石的锆石CL图像和U-Pb谐和图（万渝生等，2018）
a、b.斜长角闪岩（LN1331），歪头山；c、d.黑云变粒岩（A1504），鸡冠山
Fig. 18. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from rocks of the late Neoarchean Anshan "Group" in Anshan-Benxi (Wan et al., 2018)
图 19 鲁西地区新太古代晚期岩石的野外照片（Dong et al., 2017a）
a.条带状英云闪长岩（S0513），蒙阴西南；b.片麻状英云闪长岩（S0714），蒙阴南
Fig. 19. Field photographs of late Neoarchean rocks in western Shandong(Dong et al., 2017a)
图 20 鲁西地区新太古代早期岩石的锆石CL图像和U-Pb谐和图（Dong et al., 2017a）
a、b.条带状英云闪长岩（S0513），蒙阴西南；c、d.片麻状英云闪长岩（S0714），蒙阴南
Fig. 20. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from late Neoarchean rocks in western Shandong (Dong et al., 2017a)
图 21 建平地区新太古代晚期建平岩群角闪斜长片麻岩（CY032-3）的锆石CL图像（a）和U-Pb谐和图（b）（Liu et al., 2011d）
Fig. 21. CL images (a) and U-Pb concordia diagram (b) for zircons from hornblende plagioclase gneiss (CY032-3) of the late Neoarchean Jianping "Group" in Jianping (Liu et al., 2011d)
图 22 承德地区新太古代晚期糜棱岩化花岗质片麻岩（CD0906）的锆石CL图像（a）和U-Pb谐和图（b）（颉颃强等，未发表资料）
Fig. 22. CL images (a) and U-Pb concordia diagram (b) for zircons from mylonitized granitoidic gneiss (CD0906) in Chengde (Xie et al., unpublished data)
图 23 冀东地区地质图（Nutman et al., 2011; Bai et al., 2019）
Fig. 23. Geological map of eastern Hebei (Nutman et al., 2011; Bai et al., 2019)
图 24 冀东地区太古宙岩石的野外照片
a.深熔条带状英云闪长岩(Bai et al., 2019），三屯营；b.深熔榴云片麻岩（J1519; Bai et al., 2019），三屯营；c.强变形片麻状奥长花岗岩（J15130; Bai et al., 2019），三屯营；d.榴云片麻岩（J1112; Liu et al., 2014a），黄柏峪
Fig. 24. Field photographs of Archean rocks in eastern Hebei
图 25 冀东地区新太古代早期岩石的锆石CL图像和U-Pb谐和图
a、b.深熔榴云片麻岩（J1519; Bai et al., 2019），三屯营；c、d.强变形片麻状奥长花岗岩（J15130; Bai et al., 2019），三屯营；e、f.榴云片麻岩（J1112; Liu et al., 2014a），黄柏峪
Fig. 25. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from Archean rocks in eastern Hebei
图 26 冀西北地区地质图（彭澎等，2012）
Fig. 26. Geological map of northwestern Hebei (Peng et al., 2012)
图 27 冀西北地区太古宙片麻状英云闪长岩的野外照片
a.片麻状英云闪长岩（HB1404；白文倩，未发表资料），崇礼杂岩，宣化北；b.强变形片麻状奥长花岗岩（HB1426；郝光明等，未发表资料），桑干杂岩，怀安南
Fig. 27. Field photographs of late Neoarchean gneissic tonalites in northwestern Hebei
图 28 冀西北地区新太古代早期岩石的锆石CL图像和U-Pb谐和图
a、b.片麻状英云闪长岩（HB1404；白文倩，未发表资料），崇礼杂岩，宣化北；c、d.强变形片麻状奥长花岗岩（HB1426；郝光明等，未发表资料），桑干杂岩，怀安南
Fig. 28. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from late Neoarchean gneissic tonalites in northwestern Hebei
图 29 登封地区新太古代晚期片麻状奥长花岗岩（XS0416-12）的锆石CL图像（a）和U-Pb谐和图（b）（万渝生等，2009）
Fig. 29. CL images (a) and U-Pb concordia diagram (b) for zircons from late Neoarchean gneissic trondhjemite (XS0416-12) in Dengfeng (Wan et al., 2009)
图 30 大青山地区地质图（杨振升等, 2003; Dong et al., 2014）
Fig. 30. Geological map of Daqingshan (Yang et al., 2003; Dong et al., 2014)
图 31 大青山地区新太古代晚期表壳岩的野外照片（Dong et al., 2014）
a.榴云片麻岩(NM0808)，哈德门沟；b.榴云片麻岩(NM0816)，毛忽洞西北
Fig. 31. Field photographs of late Neoarchean supracrustal rocks in Daqingshan
图 32 大青山地区新太古代晚期表壳岩的锆石CL图像和U-Pb谐和图（Dong et al., 2014）
a、b.榴云片麻岩(NM0808)，哈德门沟；c、d.榴云片麻岩(NM0816)，毛忽洞西北
Fig. 32. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from late Neoarchean supracrustal rocks in Daqingshan (Dong et al., 2014)
图 33 阴山地区新太古代花岗质岩石的野外照片
a.新太古代早期片麻状英云闪长岩（NM1132；马铭株等，2013b），武川西乌兰不浪；b.新太古代晚期深熔石英闪长岩（NM1231；董春艳，未发表资料），固阳北
Fig. 33. Field photographs of Neoarchean granitoidic rocks in Yinshan
图 34 阴山地区新太古代花岗质岩石的锆石CL图像和U-Pb谐和图
a，b.新太古代早期片麻状英云闪长岩（NM1132，马铭株等，2013），武川西乌兰不浪；c，d.新太古代晚期深熔石英闪长岩（NM1231，董春艳，未发表资料），固阳北
Fig. 34. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from Neoarchean granitoidic rocks in Yinshan
图 35 鲁西地区新太古代早期岩石的锆石年龄变化（Ren et al., 2016）
线段表示误差；黑线和红点线分别代表岩浆锆石和变质锆石年龄
Fig. 35. Zircon age variation for rocks in western Shandong Province (Ren et al., 2016)
图 36 华北克拉通新太古代晚期壳源花岗岩（a）和高级变质岩（b）的207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄直方图（Wan et al., 2015）
Fig. 36. Weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age histograms for magmatic zircons from crustally-derived granites (a) and metamorphic zircons from high-grade metamorphic rocks (b) in the North China Craton (Wan et al., 2015)
图 37 胶东地区新太古代晚期变质闪长岩（S0125-1）的变质锆石U-Pb谐和图（Wan et al., 2011a）
Fig. 37. U-Pb concordia for metamorphic zircons from late Neoarchean meta-diorite (S0125-1) in eastern Shandong (Wan et al., 2011a)
图 38 大青山地区新太古代晚期岩石的变质锆石U-Pb谐和图（图a）和207Pb/206Pb年龄直方图（图b）
数据来源：Wan et al. (2009 , 2013 )、Ma et al. (2012)、Dong et al. (2014)、马铭株等（2015）、徐仲元等（2015）、董春艳（未发表数据）
Fig. 38. U-Pb concordia diagram (a) and 207Pb/206Pb age histogram (b) for metamorphic zircons from late Neoarchean metamorphic rocks in Daqingshan
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