Application of OPS to Division of Tectonic-Strata Regions in Orogenic Belts
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摘要: 自元古宙以来地球表面洋陆位置不断变化,洋的面积总比陆地面积大.分布于大陆造山带区的古缝合带是古大洋或古大陆边缘小洋盆消亡的残迹,是洋板块地层研究的主要对象.针对占中国陆域3/5面积的造山带洋板块地层分布区,提出一级(称“构造-地层大区”)和二级(称“构造-地层区”)构造-地层的区划准则.将洋板块地层分为对接带型和叠接带型两大类,分别对应于构造-地层大区和构造地层区.对接带型以含N-MORB型蛇绿岩为标志,是古大洋消亡的残迹;叠接带型以含SSZ型蛇绿岩为标志,是古大陆边缘小洋盆消亡的残迹.对接带内的洋脊(蛇绿岩)、洋岛海山、洋内弧等亚型建造因卷入俯冲带内被肢解,多数呈残缺不全的岩块包裹在强烈构造剪切形变的远洋细碎屑和海沟浊积岩建造(称为基质)之中,呈俯冲增生杂岩带展布,对应于构造-地层区;对某些形体巨大的亚类(巨大的洋岛海山、裂离地块、大面积的深海平原硅质岩等建造),进入海沟俯冲带内很难被完全肢解,呈逆(仰)冲地质体大面积分布,可归为构造-地层区.叠接带型可进一步划分出与弧前盆地、火山弧(含弧间和弧背盆地建造)和弧后盆地等二级构造-地层区划单元.Abstract: The paleo-position of ocean and continent has been changing on the earth since the Proterozoic and the oceanic acreage is always larger than the continent's. A paleo-suture zone represents the remant of a paleo-ocean and is considered as the focus on the research of Ocean Plate Stratigraphy (OPS). The paper is aiming to propose the regulations for the division of tectonic-strata super regions and regions in the orogenic belts,based on OPS in China. The OPS can be subdivided into two types in China,N-MORB-type and SSZ-type,respectively corresponding to the main suture zone and subordinate suture zone. The current position for a main suture zone is roughly considered as the position of a tectonic-strata super region. A main suture zone was formed during the disappearing of a large ocean,marked by N-MORB-type ophiolite. The current position for a subordinate suture zone is roughly corresponding to the position of a tectonic-strata region. A subordinate suture zone was formed during the disappearing of a small ocean,marked by SSZ-type ophiolite and developed along the edge of a block or continent. The geological units in a main suture zone mainly consist of ophiolite,seamount and intra-oceanic arc. The positions for these units could be also generally considered as the positions of tectonic-strata regions. The geological units in a subordinate suture zone mainly consist of back-arc,inter-arc and retro-arc and for-arc basins. The positions for these units are basically considered as the positions of tectonic-strata subregions.
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图 1 中国陆域克拉通、造山带和混杂岩分布
据张克信等(2015a, 2015b, 2016)修改; 该图基于据自然资源部1:1 600万中国地图, 审图号为GS(2016)2927号制作,底图无修改
Fig. 1. The distribution diagram of cratons, orogenic belts and mélange in China
图 2 洋板块地层形成的构造环境、分类示意图
据Isozaki et al.(1990); Wakita(2012); Kusky et al.(2013);张克信等(2016)修改
Fig. 2. A model showing the tectonic settings, the formation-process and the division of OPS
图 3 中国北方中亚造山带蛇绿岩与测年值分布图
(1)倪康等(2013);(2)王玉往等(2011);(3)Wang et al.(2012);(4)沈晓明等(2013);(5)张海祥等(2003);(6)张越等(2012);(7)褚方等(2013);(8)吴波等(2006);(9)肖文交等(2006);(10)张越(2012);(11)Zeng et al.(2014);(12)Wang et al.(2003);(13)张元元等(2010);(14)赵磊等(2013);(15)朱永峰和徐新(2006);(16)翁凯等(2016);(17)杨高学等(2013);(18)赵文平等(2012);(19)魏荣珠(2010);(20)Jian et al.(2008);(21)辜平阳等(2009);(22)Yang et al.(2012);(23)马中平(2007);(24)李纲等(2014);(25)李超等(2013);(26)徐学义等(2005);(27)徐学义等(2006);(28)徐学义等(2003);(29)董书云(2010);(30)王莹等(2012)(31)郝杰等(1993);(32)龙灵利等(2006);(33)马中平等(2007);(34)杨经绥等(2011);(35)黄岗等(2011);(36)高俊等(2009);(37)李文铅等(2008);(38)任秉琛和郭召杰(2001);(39)张元元等(2008);(40)王国强等(2014);(41)武鹏等(2012);(42)代文军等(2008);(43)周国庆等(2000);(44)侯青叶等(2012);(45)胡新茁等(2015);(46)王行军(2012);(47)Zhang et al.(2015);(48)李尚林等(2012);(49)Jian et al.(2010);(50)Chen et al.(2011);(51)徐备等(2001);(52)刘敦一等(2003);(53)Jian et al.(2008);(54)Zhang et al.(2015);(55)鲍庆中等(2007);(56)包志伟等(1994);(57)Jian et al.(2012);(58)贺秋利(2014);(59)佘宏全等(2012);(60)李旭平等(2010);(61)田东江(2007);(62)张国宾(2014);(63)李旭平等(2009);(64)周建波等(2009);(65)颉颃强等(2008);(66)唐克东等(2007);据张克信等(2015a, 2015b, 2016)修改; 年龄单位:Ma
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of ophiolites and the related isotope ages in the Central Asian orogenic belts in China
图 4 新疆青河县玛因鄂博蛇绿混杂岩带中的主要岩石类型(该图的地理位置参见图 3)
Fig. 4. Different types of rocks in the ophiolite mélanges in Mayin OBO, Qinghe County, Xinjiang, China
图 7 新疆卡拉麦利蛇绿混杂岩带内的“辉长岩-玄武岩-紫红色硅质岩” OPS序列及其对成生环境的解释(该图的地理位置参见图 3)
Fig. 7. The OPS sequence of gabbro-basalt-siliceous rocks of the ophiolite mélanges at Cara Mali, Xinjiang, China
图 9 内蒙索仑山蛇绿混杂岩带物质组成
该图的地理位置参见图 3;其中岩石野外照片为张克信拍照,放射虫化石李钢柱等(2017)
Fig. 9. Different types of rocks in the Solonker ophiolite mélanges, Inner Mongolia
表 1 造山带洋块地层类型划分
Table 1. The division of OPS in orogenic belt
洋板块地层类型 模式化的原始沉积-岩浆建造序列(不同类型的洋板块地层序列) (据Wakita, 2012和 Kusky et al., 2013 补充)进入俯冲增生杂岩带被肢解 混入增生杂岩带的不同环境不同类型蛇绿岩形成模式(Pearce, 2014a, 2014b) 型 亚型 (被肢解的)典型岩块 主要基质 对接带型 洋脊海岭亚型 辉长岩→玄武岩→灰岩(可缺失) 辉长岩、玄武岩、灰岩 页岩浊积岩 深海平原 亚型1 辉长岩→玄武岩→灰岩(可缺失)→硅质岩 硅质岩 亚型2 辉长岩→玄武岩→灰岩(可缺失) →硅质岩→页岩 硅质岩 海沟 亚型1 辉长岩→玄武岩→灰岩(可缺失)→硅质岩→页岩→浊积岩(富含陆缘碎屑) 杂砾岩(浊积扇扇根杂砾岩楔) 亚型2 辉长岩→玄武岩→灰岩(可缺失)→硅质岩→页岩→→玄武岩→高镁安山岩→浊积岩→凝灰质浊积岩(无陆缘碎屑) 玄武岩高镁安山岩 洋中脊亚型 橄榄岩→辉长岩→席状辉绿岩墙→玄武岩 橄榄岩、辉长岩辉绿岩、玄武岩 页岩
浊积岩蛇纹岩洋内弧亚型 橄榄岩→辉长岩→席状辉绿岩墙→玄武岩→玻安岩→高镁安山岩 玄武岩、玻安岩高镁安山岩 洋岛海山亚型 玄武岩→灰岩 玄武岩、灰岩 页岩
粉砂岩浊积岩裂离地块亚型 变质岩→陆源碎屑岩→灰岩 变质岩、砂砾岩、灰岩 高压-超高压带(岩片)亚型 高压-超高压变质岩组合 兰闪片岩、榴闪岩、榴辉岩、高压麻粒岩等 云母片岩、钙泥质板岩、千枚岩、蛇纹岩 叠接
带型弧前盆地亚型 火山岩→(灰岩)→浊积岩→页岩 (中基性、酸性)火山岩、灰岩(弧前构造高地上的孤立台地) 页岩
浊积岩火山岛弧亚型 火山岩→(灰岩)→凝灰质沉积岩 (中基性、酸性)火山岩、灰岩(座落在火山岩高地上的盖帽灰岩台地) 页岩
浊积岩弧间盆地亚型 玄武岩→火山岩→浊积岩→页岩→火山岩→浊积岩 页岩
浊积岩
蛇纹岩弧后盆地亚型 超基性岩→辉长岩→玄武岩→灰岩→硅质岩→页岩→浊积岩→火山岩 超基性岩、辉长岩、玄武岩、灰岩、硅质岩、(中酸性)火山岩 表 2 对接带与叠接带的区别(据张克信等, 2018修改)
Table 2. The differentiation between main suture zone and subordinate suture zone(modified from Zhang et al., 2018)
序号 对接带(main suture zone) 叠接带(subordinate suture zone) 都发育有蛇绿岩带、弧岩浆岩带、双变质带与俯冲增生杂岩带,并行分布 1 缝合带所含蛇绿岩以N⁃MORB型为主,是大洋消亡的残迹 缝合带所含蛇绿岩以SSZ型为主,是弧后、弧间小洋盆消亡的残迹 2 蛇绿岩时代分布大于2亿年,通常为2~8亿年 蛇绿岩时代分布小于2亿年 3 缝合带呈狭带状分布数千千米 缝合带呈狭带状分布一般仅数百千米 4 远洋沉积(无陆源碎屑混入的极细粒的硅、灰、锰、炭、凝灰质)发育好 远洋沉积(无陆源碎屑混入的极细粒的硅、灰、锰、炭、凝灰质)发育差 5 缝合带两侧无统一的基底,两侧的陆块基底与盖层组成长期不同 两侧有统一的基底,分隔的两个大陆边缘沉积序列短期内不同 6 分隔的陆块古地磁位置长期各自处于不同位置,并相距远 分隔的陆块古地磁位置相距不大 7 是生物大区(底栖类)的长期分界线,后期混生 不是生物大区(底栖类)分界线 -
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