Progress in Rotational Seismology
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摘要: 系统调研了地震波旋转运动的理论研究、仪器研制、实际观测和应用，总结了地震波旋转运动的研究成果.首先介绍了旋转分量的定义及间接地通过平动分量求取旋转分量的方法，以及从不同应用角度对旋转分量展开的研究；其次介绍了旋转地震仪的分类及其原理，对比了不同类型旋转地震仪的优缺点及其目前可以达到的技术参数指标；最后讨论了旋转分量观测及其在天然地震以及勘探地震中的应用，包括建筑工程领域的尝试.调研发现国内外旋转运动的研究差距较大，国内仍处于探索阶段.其中，不同震源与介质类型所产生的各种地震波在旋转分量上的特征差异一直是领域关注的焦点；如何制造高精度、高灵敏度、宽频带的旋转地震仪是国外同行攻关的热点；如何在地震学及相关工程中应用旋转分量，联合平动分量反演地下介质精细结构和震源性质的新特性参数是旋转运动学发展的重点.Abstract: Based on the extensive investigation of rotational motion with its theory, seismometers, practical observations and their engineering applications, the researches and developments on rotational motion are summarized. The definition of the rotational component and the method of calculating the rotational component indirectly through the translational component are introduced in detail. On the basis of introducing some real observations of the rotational motions, in this paper it focuses on the classification of rotational seismograph with its respective principle, advantages and disadvantages. Also, the examples of rotational-component observation are presented. Moreover, the applications of rotational components in natural earthquake and exploration seismology are discussed. Our investigation demonstrates that the research of rotational motion is still in the experimental and initial stage, especially in China, and that the difference of seismic wave fields under different sources and different media should be the hotspots of the field research. And the development trend is to manufacture equipment with high precision and sensitivity with wider frequency band. The superiorities of the six-component observations need to be elaborated to reverse the fine structure of underground medium and earthquake sources in seismology and engineering through jointly utilizing of the rotational and translational components.
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Key words:
- rotation /
- translation /
- seismometer /
- six components /
- seismology
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图 5 相速度峰值等值线图（a左列）和绕θ轴（b中）、φ轴（c右列）旋转的旋转率峰值等值线
波传播方向与θ和φ组成两两正交的笛卡尔坐标系，其上、中、下3行分别为qP波、qS1波和qS2波的等值线图
Fig. 5. Example of the peak phase velocity in km/s (a) and peak rotation rate around two axes θ (b) and φ (c) in nr/s as a function of the wave propagation direction
图 6 旋转地震仪简略图
a.3DOF装置及原理图；b. 6DOF装置及原理图；c. Rotaphone-D
Fig. 6. Schematic diagrams of the Rotaphones and general views
图 7 TAPS反向平行摆地震仪仪器原理图（a）和装置图（b）
Fig. 7. The TAPS rotational seismometer: (a) scheme; (b) general view
图 8 HorizonTM MEMS角速率传感器HZ1-200-100装置图（a）和装置原理图（b）
Fig. 8. Horizon TM MEMS angular rate sensor: (a) HZ1-200-100; (b) scheme of operation
图 9 电化学旋转地震仪
a.三明治夹心状电极结构的旋转地震计原理; b.电容位移换能式结构的旋转地震计原理; c.R-1装置
Fig. 9. The electrochemical rotational seismometer
图 11 环形激光旋转地震仪环形激光地震仪原理(a)和G-ring装置图(b)
Fig. 11. The ring laser rotational seismometer: (a) scheme; (b) G-ring
图 12 旋转光纤地震计
a. FOSREM光纤旋转地震计; b. 商用的BlueSeis-3A型三轴旋转地震计; c. 研发中的BlueSeis-1X型单轴旋转地震计
Fig. 12. Rotational seismometers based on FOG
图 13 直接测量的旋转分量（黑线）与平动台阵组合换算得到的旋转分量（灰线）相关性（灰色点线为等高线）
a.理论合成与平动分量换算的旋转运动相关性；b.直接观测与间接观测旋转分量的相关性
Fig. 13. Vertical component of rotation rate (black lines) and array-derived rotation rate (gray lines) calculated
图 14 旋转率与横向加速度曲线
Fig. 14. Rotation rate (red, right axis) and transverse acceleration (black, left axis) and maximum normalized (zero-lag) cross-correlation (black line) and a smoothed average (red line)
图 15 第335站去面波图
a.Z分量；b.X分量；c.Ry分量
Fig. 15. Three-component receiver gather at station #335 of the Kettleman data set before and after attenuation of the slow ground-roll signal using the three-component ground-roll polarization signature
图 16 3个旋转分量角速度峰值随震中距的衰减拟合曲线
Fig. 16. Attenuation fitting curve of peak angular velocity of three rotational components with epicenter distance
表 1 各种旋转地震观测仪器的性能对比
Table 1. Performance comparison of various rotational seismometers
技术分类 测量等效分辨率 动态范围(dB) 测量频带(Hz) 装置型号 研究机构 阵列间接测量法 1.67×10-8 r/s 100 1~100 3DOF 捷克查理大学 2.16×10-9 r/s 120 2~60 6DOF 捷克查理大学 1.1×10-6 r/s@0.5 Hz 80 0.2~25.0 S-5-SR 俄罗斯科学院 非光学直接测量 电磁换能式 10-7 r/s 120 0.7~50.0 TAPS 波兰华沙军事科学院 机电结构电容式 6×10-8 r/s/rtHz 110 0.03~50.00 R2 德国慕尼黑大学 55 mr/s@1 Hz
230 mr/s@4 Hz— 1~25 LQ.RP.P.H2O 加州圣克鲁斯地质勘探局地震科学中心 57 mr/s@1 Hz
22 mr/s@4 Hz— 1~35 LQS.RP.P.HH2O 加州圣克鲁斯地质勘探局地震科学中心 光学直接测量 光学扭秤式 10-7 r/s/rtHz@10 mHz — 0.01~10.00 IFRS 美国华盛顿大学 激光陀螺仪 9×10-11 r/s/rtHz 280 0.003~10.000 G-Ring 德国慕尼黑工业大学 10-11 r/s@0.01~1 Hz — 300s~5 GINGERino 意大利核子物理国家研究院 光纤陀螺仪 2×10-8 r/s/rtHz 180 DC~328.12 FOSREM 波兰华沙军事科学院 2×10-8 r/s/rtHz 135 0.01~60.00 blueSeis-3A 法国ixBlue公司 1×10-9 r/s/rtHz — 0.01~100.00 blueSeis-1X 法国ixBlue公司 ~1×10-9 r/s — — — 北京航空航天大学 ~5×10-9 r/s — ~10-3~10 — 北京大学 
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