Ore-Bearing Granite Age and Genesis of Diguo Large-Scale Graphite Deposit in Leiwuqi-Zuogong Metallogenic Belt, Eastern Tibet
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摘要: 藏东类乌齐-左贡成矿带石墨矿近年来取得重大找矿进展，新发现以地果为代表的3处大型石墨矿床，然而地果石墨矿床的成矿地质背景、矿床成因及成矿机制尚不清楚，制约了该成矿带内石墨矿找矿潜力的评价.对地果石墨矿床开展了详细的野外调查、锆石U-Pb测年、碳同位素分析和扫描电镜等研究.锆石U-Pb测年结果显示，含矿二长花岗岩成岩年龄为239.1±1.8 Ma，其捕获锆石的年龄集中于早石炭世(347~326 Ma)；碳同位素δ13C值揭示石墨中的碳为有机成因.地果石墨矿床主要受控于含碳地层与中三叠世岩浆的侵入活动，矿床成因属于岩浆混染型和接触变质型共生的复合类型；含矿二长花岗岩侵位时限近似代表了石墨矿成矿时代，为中三叠世.区域成矿地质条件表明，类乌齐-左贡成矿带具有较好的石墨矿找矿潜力，中三叠世侵入岩与卡贡组含碳地层的交接部位是取得石墨矿找矿突破的关键地段.Abstract: In recent years,great progress has been made in the exploration of graphite deposits from Leiwuqi-Zuogong metallogenic belt,Tibet. The Diguo graphite deposit is one of the three large-scale graphite deposits which have been discovered recently. However,the geological background,genetic type and mineralization mechanism are still not clear,which has restricted the resources potential assessment of the metallogenic belt. Field geological survey,zircon U-Pb,carbon isotope analysis,and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been done for the Diguo deposit. Zircon U-Pb dating results show that the age of the ore-bearing monzogranite is 239.1 ±1.8 Ma,and the ages of the inherit zircon are concentrated in the Early Carboniferous (347-326 Ma). The carbon δ13C isotopic values reveal the organic origin of the carbon in the ore. This study shows that Diguo graphite deposit was constrained by both carbonous strata and the Middle Triassic intrusions,and belongs to the complex type which is the mix of magmatic type and contact metamorphic type. The emplacement time of the ore-bearing monzogranite represents the mineralization age of the graphite deposit approximately,which is the Middle Triassic. The regional metallogenic conditions show that the Leiwuqi-Zuogong metallogenic belt has a good exploration potential for the graphite deposits,the connection zone between the Middle Triassic intrusion and the carbonous Kagong stratum might be the key areas of the prospecting breakthrough.
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Key words:
- Leiwuqi-Zuogong metallogenic belt /
- zircon U-Pb age /
- magmatic mix /
- deposit genesis /
- Diguo graphite deposit /
- Tibet /
- geochronology
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图 1 西藏地果石墨矿床区域地质简图
a.区域地质略图；b.大地构造位置示意图；c.成矿区带划分示意图. F1.角斗断裂; F2.马查脚断裂; F3.舍拉断裂; F4.卡贡-盐井断裂; F5.达特断裂; F6.日江断裂; F7.山然作姆断裂; F8.蒙巴断裂; F9.马怕卡断裂; F10.交布瑞断裂; F11.扎西错-亚隆断裂. V5.昌都地块; V6.北澜沧江结合带; VI3.左贡地块; VI4.班公湖-怒江结合带; VII1.冈底斯弧盆系.II3-5.昌都-兰坪成矿带; II3-6.类乌齐-左贡成矿带; III1-1.班公湖-怒江成矿带; III1-2.那曲-比如成矿带; III1-3.班戈-腾冲成矿带
Fig. 1. Regional geological map of the Diguo graphite deposit, Tibet
图 5 西藏地果石墨矿床典型矿石特征
a.侵入接触(钻孔岩心)；b.球粒状、浸染状构造；c.球状、豆状构造；d.块状构造；e、f.含矿岩体中的矿化围岩碎块；g.侵入接触(Ⅲ矿体)；h.接触带烘烤边
Fig. 5. Outcrop and typical ores in the Diguo graphite deposit, Tibet
图 6 西藏地果石墨矿床矿石镜下特征
a.单偏光镜下鳞片状、叶片状石墨(2.5×)；b.单偏光镜下条带状、网脉状构造(2.5×)；c、d.扫描电镜
Fig. 6. Microphotographs of graphite in the Diguo deposit, Tibet
图 7 西藏地果石墨矿床二长花岗岩锆石阴极发光图像(a1~a3)和U-Pb年龄谐和图(b、c)
Fig. 7. CL images(a1-a3) and U-Pb concordia diagram(b, c)of zircons of monzogranite in the Diguo graphite deposit, Tibet
表 1 西藏地果石墨矿床III、IV、V、VII矿体特征
Table 1. Characteristics of III、IV、V、VII ore-bodies from the Diguo graphite deposit, Tibet
矿体编号 形态 长(m) 宽(m) 倾向 倾角 赋矿岩石 矿石构造 固定碳平均含量(%) Ⅲ 月牙状 370 25~45 南西 42° 二长花岗岩，局部碳质板岩 斑杂状、浸染状，局部块状 13.52 Ⅳ 透镜状 280 35~50 南西 43° 碳质板岩 块状 47.67 Ⅴ 透镜状 85 8~20 北东 39° 碳质板岩 块状 31.28 Ⅶ 透镜状 100 3~15 南西 35° 碳质板岩 块状 19.91 
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表 2 西藏地果石墨矿床二长花岗岩锆石测年结果
Table 2. Zircon U-Pb dating results of monzogranite from the Diguo graphite deposit, Tibet
测点号 含量(10-6) Th/U 同位素比值 年龄(Ma) 232Th 238U 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ DG-NL1-001 433 798 0.54 0.275 7 0.008 3 0.038 0 0.000 4 247 6.6 240 2.8 DG-NL1-002 285 332 0.86 0.410 9 0.014 4 0.053 7 0.000 7 350 10.4 337 4.5 DG-NL1-003 261 627 0.42 0.251 3 0.007 2 0.037 7 0.000 4 228 5.9 238 2.8 DG-NL1-004 170 431 0.39 0.249 9 0.007 8 0.037 7 0.000 5 226 6.4 239 2.9 DG-NL1-005 140 241 0.58 0.372 0 0.017 7 0.053 9 0.000 7 321 13.1 339 4.5 DG-NL1-006 108 267 0.41 0.251 8 0.010 0 0.037 6 0.000 6 228 8.1 238 3.5 DG-NL1-007 540 746 0.72 0.399 4 0.007 5 0.052 6 0.000 6 341 5.5 330 3.5 DG-NL1-008 93.8 232 0.40 0.264 6 0.010 6 0.037 5 0.000 7 238 8.5 237 4.3 DG-NL1-009 99.1 318 0.31 0.283 0 0.009 8 0.037 8 0.000 6 253 7.8 239 3.7 DG-NL1-010 476 859 0.55 0.272 1 0.006 5 0.037 6 0.000 4 244 5.2 238 2.8 DG-NL1-011 259 636 0.41 0.281 4 0.007 9 0.037 7 0.000 5 252 6.3 239 2.9 DG-NL1-013 308 551 0.56 0.408 0 0.011 5 0.054 5 0.000 7 347 8.3 342 4.0 DG-NL1-014 285 350 0.81 0.422 2 0.014 8 0.054 2 0.000 7 358 10.6 341 4.5 DG-NL1-015 95.8 298 0.32 0.290 4 0.012 1 0.038 6 0.000 5 259 9.5 244 3.4 DG-NL1-016 122 257 0.47 0.292 9 0.013 5 0.037 6 0.000 7 261 10.6 238 4.5 DG-NL1-017 291 534 0.55 0.426 8 0.012 0 0.055 4 0.000 8 361 8.5 347 4.6 DG-NL1-018 302 493 0.61 0.425 7 0.012 8 0.055 3 0.000 8 360 9.1 347 4.7 DG-NL1-019 288.8 236.3 1.22 4.353 7 0.090 0 0.299 2 0.004 3 1704 17.1 1722 21.1 DG-NL1-021 288 589 0.49 0.276 0 0.007 5 0.037 9 0.000 5 247 6.0 240 3.1 DG-NL1-022 381 677 0.56 0.396 4 0.010 7 0.054 0 0.000 6 339 7.7 339 4.0 DG-NL1-023 407 660 0.62 0.287 0 0.008 0 0.037 8 0.000 4 256 6.3 239 2.7 DG-NL1-024 127 265 0.48 0.395 2 0.015 4 0.051 9 0.000 8 338 11.2 326 4.9
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表 3 西藏地果、青果、纽多矿床特征对比
Table 3. Feature comparison of Diguo, Qingguo, Niuduo graphite deposits, Tibet
矿床 地果 青果 纽多 成矿带 类乌齐-左贡成矿带 类乌齐-左贡成矿带 类乌齐-左贡成矿带 大地构造位置 北澜沧江弧盆系 北澜沧江弧盆系 北澜沧江弧盆系 区域控矿构造 澜沧江深大断裂 澜沧江深大断裂 澜沧江深大断裂 地层 下石炭统卡贡组(C1kg) 下石炭统卡贡组(C1kg) 下石炭统卡贡组(C1kg) 含矿岩石 二长花岗岩、碳质板岩 二长花岗岩 二长花岗岩、碳质板岩 含矿岩体U-Pb年龄 239.1±1.8 Ma 244.7±1.3 Ma 243.6±1.4 Ma 矿体地质特征 矿体长80~500 m、宽10~130 m，固定碳含量10.75%~47.67% 矿体长180~600 m、宽65~200 m，固定碳含量2.75%~10.92% 矿体长80~370 m，宽16~35 m，固定碳含量14.4%~27.63% 矿石结构、构造 鳞片变晶结构，球状、豆状、浸染状、块状构造 鳞片变晶结构，球状、角砾状、豆状、浸染状构造 鳞片变晶结构，球状、豆状、浸染状、块状构造 蚀变特征 绢云母化、泥化、褐铁矿化、硅化等 绢云母化、泥化、褐铁矿化、硅化、电气石化等 硅化、重晶石化、电气石化 石墨δ13C均值 -19.2‰ -15.3‰ -18.1‰ 矿床规模 大型 大型 大型 成因 岩浆混染型+接触变质型 岩浆混染型 岩浆混染型+接触变质型 资料来源 本文 樊炳良等(2018)
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