Evaluation on Resources Function of Groundwater during Urbanization in Karst Region of Guizhou Province
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摘要: 地下水是岩溶山区现代城镇化发展的战略性基础资源，为了解城镇化进程中地下水资源功能的支撑作用，通过构建地下水资源功能评价指标体系，对贵州省9个市（州）岩溶区域城镇化进程中地下水的资源功能进行定量评价.评价结果表明：地下水的资源功能在城镇化进程中呈现明显的差异性特征，城镇化水平较高的贵阳市对地下水的依存性高达79.08%，地下水的资源功能较强；城镇化水平较低的地区对地下水的依存性较小，地下水的资源功能相对较弱.随着城镇化水平的提升，地下水资源的可持续性受地下水污染和超采等因素制约，其资源功能存在弱化甚至丧失的风险.Abstract: Groundwater resources are basic strategic resources for the development of modern urbanization in karst areas. In order to understand the function of groundwater resources to support urbanization, an index system, Groundwater Resource Function Index, was used to evaluate groundwater's resources function during urbanization in 9 karst zones from Guizhou Province. The research results indicate that groundwater resourcs function varies significantly in response to different urbanization levels. The groundwater resources dependency is higher with stronger resources function in the regions of higher level of urbanization, for example, dependence on groundwater of Guiyang City is as high as 79.08%.Conversely, it is much lower. The sustainability of groundwater resources is impacted by over exploitation and contamination of groundwater, which may result in the weakening even the loss of the resources function of groundwater.
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Key words:
- groundwater /
- urbanization /
- weakening of resources function /
- index system /
- karst /
- hydrogeology
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图 2 贵州省城镇化和地下水天然资源量、可开采资源量及开采量现状
Fig. 2. The status of urbanization, allowable exploitation and exploitation resources of groundwater resources in Guizhou Province
图 3 贵州省城镇化率与评价指标关系
Fig. 3. The relationship between urbanization and sub-indices of Guizhou Province
图 4 岩溶山区城镇化进程中地下水资源功能评价指标体系
Fig. 4. Groundwater resources function assessment index system during urbanization in karst areas
图 5 城镇化率与地下水资源功能综合指数、依存指数和可持续指数的关系
Fig. 5. The relationship between urbanization and groundwater resources function, dependence and sustainability
图 6 贵州省城镇化进程中地下水的依存性（a）、可持续性（b）和资源功能（c）的空间分布格局
Fig. 6. The distribution of groundwater sustainability (a), dependence (b) and resources function (c) during urbanization of Guizhou
表 1 贵州省各市（州）2015年城镇化率
Table 1. Urbanization rate of cities (prefectures) in Guizhou Province in 2015
区域名称 贵阳市 遵义市 安顺市 六盘水市 黔南州 铜仁市 黔东南州 毕节市 黔西南州 城镇化率（%） 73.25 45.00 44.00 47.50 47.80 43.00 44.00 38.00 37.00 注：据贵州省统计局国家统计局贵州调查总队(2016). 
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表 2 贵州省城镇化进程中岩溶地下水资源功能评价指标实际值
Table 2. Actual values of karst groundwater resources function sub-indices during urbanization of Guizhou Province
指标属性 依存性指标 可持续性指标 区域 水资源中地下水比例
（%）地下水资源量模数
（104 m3/a·km2）农业用水地下水比例
（%）工业用水地下水比例
（%）生活用水地下水比例
（%）人均地下水资源量(m3) 亩均地下水资源量(m3) 地下水中可开采资源比例
（%）地下水开采程度
（%）劣质地下水分布率
（%）贵阳市 47.44 31.60 12.16 8.93 23.30 200.21 426.42 26.92 52.60 9.20 遵义市 29.88 18.91 13.30 5.51 8.31 281.49 1280.22 34.95 39.30 3.43 安顺市 43.65 34.06 24.44 8.65 50.16 332.92 143.39 32.32 21.10 5.49 六盘水市 45.25 28.36 10.36 7.56 26.37 288.38 481.95 24.85 22.00 6.17 铜仁市 31.62 24.55 2.22 2.74 6.44 371.99 530.23 31.90 10.60 3.50 毕节市 45.08 23.47 7.75 1.28 1.13 348.20 957.63 38.60 15.60 1.50 凯里市 33.28 22.22 0.88 9.10 0.17 506.05 701.05 21.83 17.30 3.06 都匀市 44.65 32.18 10.02 5.04 5.50 532.16 570.86 23.06 47.00 1.00 兴义市 35.03 20.95 19.14 2.97 2.18 344.44 251.13 45.33 19.40 1.75 注：据《贵州省第一次水利普查公报》，贵州省水利厅/贵州省统计局，2013；《贵州省2014年水资源公报》，贵州省水利厅，2015.
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表 3 岩溶山区城镇化进程中地下水资源功能评价指标体系权重分配
Table 3. Sub-indices weight allocation of groundwater resources function index during urbanization in karst areas
类别 评价指标及权重 准则层 岩溶山区地下水资源依存性 岩溶山区地下水资源可持续性 Wi 0.75 0.25 目标层 水资源中地下水比例 地下水资源量模数 农业用水地下水比例 工业用水地下水比例 生活用水地下水比例 地下水中可开采资源比例 地下水开采程度 人均地下水资源量 亩均地下水资源量 劣质地下水分布率 wj 0.239 4 0.239 4 0.082 0 0.051 2 0.138 0 0.078 3 0.078 3 0.024 6 0.024 6 0.044 1
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表 4 岩溶山区地下水资源功能综合指数、依存指数和可持续指数评价分级（%）
Table 4. Grade level for groundwater resources function index, dependence and sustainability in karst areas (%)
评价指标 定性程度 依存度 > 60（高） 40~60（较高） 20~40（较低） < 20（低） 可持续性 > 80（好） 65~80（较好） 45~65（较差） < 45（差） 综合指数 > 55（强） 45~55（较强） 30~45（较弱） < 30（弱）
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表 5 贵州省城镇化进程中地下水资源功能评价结果（%）
Table 5. The result of evaluation of groundwater resources function during urbanization of Guizhou Province (%)
地区 城镇化率 依存性指数 可持续性指数 综合指数 资源功能特征 贵阳市 73.25 79.08 11.67 61.61 依存性高，可持续性差，资源功能强 遵义市 45.00 12.45 53.08 22.35 依存性低，可持续性较差，资源功能弱 安顺市 44.00 92.71 50.55 81.87 依存性高，可持续性较差，资源功能强 六盘水市 47.50 67.39 42.49 60.27 依存性高，可持续性差，资源功能强 铜仁地区 43.00 19.27 69.11 30.81 依存性低，可持续性较好，资源功能较弱 毕节地区 38.00 40.79 80.60 50.07 依存性较高，可持续性好，资源功能较强 黔东南州 44.00 19.99 55.99 28.35 依存性低，可持续性较差，资源功能弱 黔南州 47.80 64.29 39.50 57.46 依存性较高，可持续差，资源功能强 黔西南州 37.00 24.36 80.08 37.60 依存性较低，可持续性好，资源功能较弱
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