Regularities of Ore-Controlling Structures and Exploration Predictions of Buzhu Au (Sb) Deposit in Kangma County, South Tibet, China
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摘要: 藏南金锑铅锌银多金属成矿带又称北喜马拉雅成矿带，是特提斯喜马拉雅成矿域的重要组成部分.康马地区虽处于EW向和SN向断裂交汇的有利成矿位置，但由于海拔高覆盖厚，本区构造控矿规律不明、缺乏有效的勘探方法和可借鉴的找矿范例，这致使找矿工作长期未获突破.近年来，布主金（锑）矿等一批矿床的发现彻底填补了本区的找矿空白.但由于缺乏对矿区断裂带内部组成及其控矿作用的深入认识，布主金（锑）矿的普查勘探工作受到严重制约.本文在详实地质调查基础上，对矿区NW-近EW向和近SN向断裂带内部结构进行了系统剖析，发现两组断裂带均由中部的断层核和外围的破碎带构成.在NW-近EW断裂带，其断层核控制着强揉皱含黄铁矿方解石石英脉型等矿体，而破碎带控制着平直陡倾含多金属硫化物石英脉型和富毒砂石英脉型矿体.在近SN向断裂带，断层核由劈理化带和角砾岩带组成，几乎不含矿.而破碎带中近顺层节理则控制着发育强褐铁矿化和黏土化的高品位矿体.结合区域构造演化，建立了布主矿区断裂带形成、发展及控矿的三阶段演化模型.并在此指导下，以地质事实为基础，结合1：1万土壤化探综合异常及围岩蚀变、矿化露头等找矿信息，圈定找矿靶区6处.并综合考虑多种因素对靶区进行优选，得到A、B、C级靶区各2个.通过对布主矿区断裂带结构、控矿规律、断裂带演化模型等方面的研究和结合化探综合异常的靶区圈定，以期为布主矿区及康马地区矿床成因研究和找矿勘探工作提供有益借鉴.
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关键词:
- 布主金(锑)矿 /
- 构造控矿规律 /
- 找矿预测 /
- 藏南金锑多金属成矿带 /
- 矿床
Abstract: The Au-Sb-Pb-Zn-Ag Polymetallogenic Metallogenic belt in South Tibet, also known as the North Himalayan Metallogenic belt, is an important part of the Tethyan Himalayan Metallogenic Region. Although Kangma area is in an advantageous metallogenic location where the SN-trending faults cross the EW- trending faults, few breakthroughs have been made in exploration prediction for a long time due to the lack of clear ore-controlling regularities, feasible prospection methods, and effective prediction examples for reference, which caused by high altitude and thick coverage. In recent years, the discovery of a group of deposits such as Buzhu gold (antimony) deposit has filled the gap of exploration in this area. However, due to the lack of in-depth understanding of the internal architecture and ore-controlling styles of the fault zones, the exploration of Buzhu deposit is seriously restricted. Based on detailed geological survey, the internal architectures of NW- (and EW-) and SN- trending fault zones in this deposit have been systematically dissected here. It is identified that both sets of fault zones were composed of the fault core in the central part and the damage zone in the peripheral. In the NW- (and EW-) trending fault zones, the crumpled pyrite-bearing quartz veins were controlled by the fault core and the straight and steep quartz veins bearing multiple sulfide phases and quartz veins bearing abundant arsenopyrite filled in the joints of the damage zone. In the SN-trending fault zones, the fault core consisting of cleavage zone and breccia zone is barren. While, the bedding tension fractures in the damage zone were filled by high grade veins characterized by obvious limonite and clay alteration. Combined with regional tectonic evolution, a three-stage evolution model depicting the formation, development and ore-controlling of the major fault zones in Buzhu deposit is established in this paper. Under the guidance of this model, 6 prospecting targets were delineated according to the geological facts combined with the prospecting information such as synthetic anomalies of 1:10 000 soil geochemical exploration, wall rock alteration and ore outcrops. And each of the 2 targets was finally selected in the 3 levels of A, B and C, comprehensively considering various factors. Through the above studies on the internal architecture, ore-controlling regularities and evolution model of the fault zones, as well as the delineation of the targets combined with synthetic anomalies, the authors hope to provide useful reference for the ore genesis research and prospection in the Buzhu deposit and Kangma areas. -
图 1 研究区大地构造位置及区域地质简图
1.第四系；2.古近系；3.白垩系；4.侏罗系；5.三叠系；6.二叠系；7.石炭系；8.奥陶系；9.拉轨岗日岩群；10.中新世二云母二长花岗岩；11.中新世花岗闪长岩；12.辉绿玢岩脉；13.正断层；14.逆断层；15.左行断层；16.左行逆断层；17.水系；18.工作区位置；19.班公-怒江缝合带；20.印度河-雅鲁藏布江缝合带；21.主中央逆冲断裂；22.金沙江缝合带；23.高喜马拉雅构造带；24.特提斯喜马拉雅岩系；25.藏南拆离系；a据张刚阳(2011)；b据郑有业等(2012)修编；c据1:25万江孜幅、洛扎幅地质图修编
Fig. 1. Tectonic map and regional geological map of study area
图 3 布主矿区主要构造极射赤平投影图
a.大金沟复式向斜；b.矿区B-B′剖面层理产状极点等密图；c.Fs-2断裂带内断裂面产状极射赤平投影；d.Fs-3断裂带内断裂面产状极射赤平投影；e.F1断裂及Au-Ⅰ、Au-Ⅷ矿体产状极射赤平投影；f.F6、F9断裂极射赤平投影
Fig. 3. Lower-hemisphere equal-area stereographic projections of the structures in the Buzhu area
图 4 布主金(锑)矿区A-A′构造剖面
a.破碎带中多期穿插的石英方解石脉；b.次级断裂及其上盘断层核中强揉皱含黄铁矿石英方解石脉；c.Fs-3断裂带主断裂面及其上盘断层核中矿化蚀变带；d.破碎带中含毒砂、黄铁矿等硫化物方解石石英脉；e.Fs-2断层核内次级断裂及构造透镜体；f.Fs-2断裂带主断裂面及其上盘断层核中强揉皱含黄铁矿石英脉型矿化
Fig. 4. A-A′ structural profile map in Buzhu Au (Sb) deposit
图 5 布主金(锑)矿区NW-近EW向断裂带控矿特征
a.Fs-3断裂带主断裂面特征；b.Fs-3主断裂面擦痕；c.主断裂面上盘断层核中矿化特征；d.次级断裂及其上盘断层核矿化特征；e.破碎带中陡倾含黄铁矿等硫化物石英脉；f.含多金属硫化物石英脉矿石特征；g.Fs-4断裂带中Au-Ⅳ矿体矿化特征；h.Au-Ⅰ矿体绿帘石化富毒砂石英脉型矿化；i.Au-Ⅷ矿体宏观特征；j.Au-Ⅷ绿帘石化富毒砂石英脉；k.Fs-4断裂带控矿规律平面-剖面示意
Fig. 5. Structural ore-controlling characters of NW-EW-trending fracture zone in Buzhu Au(Sb) deposit
图 6 布主金(锑)矿区近SN向断裂控矿特征
a.Au-Ⅶ矿体矿化分带素描图；b.F6断裂带断层核；c.Au-Ⅶ矿体矿化强弱分带；d.Au-Ⅶ绿帘石化富毒砂石英脉；e.Au-Ⅵ沿近顺层节理充填的含星点状黄铁矿石英脉；f.Au-Ⅵ沿近顺层节理充填的条带状褐铁矿化；g.F9断裂及Au-Ⅸ矿化；h.F9断裂面擦痕；i.Au-Ⅸ褐铁矿化石英脉型矿化；j.Au-Ⅵ、Ⅶ矿体和Au-Ⅸ矿体构造控矿规律平面示意
Fig. 6. Structural ore-controlling characters of SN-trending faults in Buzhu Au (Sb) deposit
图 7 布主金(锑)矿床构造控矿模式图
a.成矿前构造样式；b.成矿前平面应变椭圆；c.成矿前剖面应变椭圆；d.成矿前NW-近EW向断裂带特征；e.成矿期构造样式；f-1.成矿期平面应变椭圆；f-2.成矿期近SN向断裂带平面应变椭圆；f-3.成矿期NW-近EW向断裂带平面应变椭圆；g-1.成矿期剖面应力椭圆；g-2.成矿期NW-近EW向断裂带剖面应变椭圆；h-1.成矿期NW-近EW向断裂带特征(红色为矿脉)；h-2.成矿期近SN向断裂带特征
Fig. 7. Structural ore-controlling model of Buzhu Au (Sb) deposit
图 8 综合异常及找矿靶区分布图
Au元素保留内、中、外带三级异常；其他元素只保留外带异常
Fig. 8. Distribution map of synthetic anomalies and prospecting targets
表 1 布主金(锑)矿矿体特征对比
Table 1. Comparison of characteristics of ore bodies in Buzhu gold (antimony) deposit
性质 NW-EW向断裂带型矿体
(Au-Ⅱ、Au-Ⅲ、Au-Ⅳ)NW-EW向富毒砂石英脉型矿体
(Au-Ⅰ、Au-Ⅷ)SN向褐铁矿化蚀变带型矿体
(Au-Ⅵ、Au-Ⅶ、Au-Ⅸ)控矿构造 NW-近EW向断裂带 近NW-近EW向断裂带上盘张裂隙 近SN向断裂(带) 矿体类型 强揉皱含黄铁矿石英方解石脉褐铁矿化炭化蚀变带平直含硫化物石英方解石脉 绿帘石化黏土化富毒砂石英脉 褐铁矿细脉、含毒砂石英脉、含星点状黄铁矿石英脉、褐铁矿化黏土化石英脉 矿物组合 黄铁矿、方铅矿、毒砂、石英、方解石，少量闪锌矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿 大量毒砂、石英，绿帘石，少量黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉锑矿、可能含钠长石 黄铁矿、毒砂、石英、绢云母、黏土矿物(高岭石)，少量方铅矿、方解石、可能含冰长石 矿化规模 矿体赋存于断裂带内，矿化较连续延伸长，品位较高 矿体品位高，宽度大，石英脉较连续，但矿化不连续 矿化蚀变强，矿化集中，品位高宽度大，但受后期错断 
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