页岩剪切摩擦与非稳态滑移特性实验

付利; 申瑞臣; 庞飞; 杨恒林; 陈科

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2019.189

页岩剪切摩擦与非稳态滑移特性实验

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.189

付利^1,2, ,,
申瑞臣^1,4,
庞飞³,
杨恒林^1,4,
陈科⁵

1.
中国石油集团工程技术研究院有限公司, 北京 102206
2.
中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
3.
中国地质调查局, 北京 100037
4.
油气钻井技术国家工程实验室, 北京 102206
5.
中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心, 北京 100083

基金项目:

国家科技重大专项 2016ZX05022-001

国家科技重大专项 2017ZX05063-003

中国石油西南油气田分公司科学研究与技术开发项目 20180601-17

详细信息

作者简介:
付利(1985-), 男, 高级工程师, 硕士, 主要从事非常规油气钻完井地质力学一体化技术与应用研究工作

中图分类号: P554
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-08-01
- 刊出日期: 2019-11-15

Experiments on Friction and Non-Steady Slip for Shale

Fu Li^{1,2
,
,},
Shen Ruichen^1,4,
Pang Fei³,
Yang Henglin^1,4,
Chen Ke⁵

1.
Engineering Technology R & D Company Limited, CNPC, Beijing 102206, China
2.
Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, CNPC, Beijing 100083, China
3.
China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China
4.
National Engineering Laboratory for Oil & Gas Drilling Technology, Beijing 102206, China
5.
Oil & Gas Survey, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100083, China

摘要

摘要: 龙一₁亚段页岩是川南页岩气开发的主要目的层，实践表明水平井单井产气量对井轨迹所在小层较为敏感.龙一₁亚段页岩各层脆性矿物组分、弹性模量变化幅度小，采用常规页岩脆性评价方法和模型不能有效评价川南龙一₁亚段各小层页岩的可压性，借鉴地震学地震成核原因研究思路，提出利用稳态-非稳态破坏特征来表征各小层可压性.优化设计一种页岩剪切摩擦、稳态-非稳态特性实验方法，利用川南页岩地面露头进行线切割制样开展相关实验测试，分析研究页岩摩擦系数受层理性构造、矿物组分、法向应力大小的影响，表征量化不同矿物组分下的页岩稳态-非稳态特征，确定了速度弱化向速度强化转换的粘土矿物含量临界值.以川南昭通YS108井区龙一₁亚段页岩储层为例，对各小层可压性进行整体评价，得到：龙一₁^1~2层较易开启剪切滑移，且易形成网状裂纹，储层整体可压性好；龙一₁³层较难开启剪切滑移，但裂纹为单一裂纹、网状裂纹过渡状态，储层整体可压性较差；龙一₁⁴层较易开启剪切滑移，但裂纹则呈现单一状态，储层整体可压性较差.
- 页岩 /
- 摩擦 /
- 稳态 /
- 非稳态 /
- 可压性 /
- 油气地质
Abstract: L1₁ sub-section shale reservoir is the major production layer in the South Sichuan shale gas block. For the horizontal well production, different well paths in the different layers can show quite big production gap, which may be due to the different shale crushabilities. However, the elastic modulus and brittle minerals for different layers in L1₁ sub-section have not shown much difference, so it is still impossible to evaluate the shale brittleness sufficiently with the conventional methods and models, Based on studies on the cause of earthquake, the steady & non-steady state failure is introduced to characterize the crushability for the different L1₁ layers in this paper. The new friction and steady & non-steady state experiments were designed to replace the conventional fault gauge testing method for the L1₁ outcrop samples. Firstly, the influence of the lamination, mineral constituents and normal stress on the friction for shale was studied and analyzed. Secondly, the steady & non-steady state behavior was characterized and quantified by the calculated ^a-^b value for the shale with different mineral constituents. Thirdly, the critical value from velocity-weakening to velocity-strengthening was established by the overlay method. Taking Well YS108 field in Zhaotong shale block as the example, the different crushabilities for different layers were analyzed and discussed. It is found that L1₁^1-2 layers have better crushability that can cause the shear slide easily and generate the map cracking, while the L1₁⁴ layers have worse crushability that generates the single cracking or cause the shear slide difficultly.
- shale /
- friction /
- steady state /
- non-steady state /
- crushability /
- petroleum geology

HTML全文

图 1 页岩剪切摩擦实验示意

a.实验初始状态; b.实验状态; 1, 2, 3表示3块页岩试样; 4表示U型实验夹具; 5表示平板实验夹具; 6表示U型实验夹具上岩心槽; 7表示U型实验夹具U型槽; 8表示U型实验夹具限位固定

Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of the shear and friction experiment for the shale samples

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图 2 剪切摩擦实验用试样

Fig. 2. The shale sample for the shear and friction experiment

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图 3 四组试样摩擦系数-位移测试曲线

Fig. 3. The testing plot between friction factor and displacement for the four samples

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图 4 改变法向应力时的五峰组页岩摩擦系数-位移曲线

a.平行层理; b.垂直层理

Fig. 4. The testing plot between friction factor and displacement for the Wufeng samples in different normal stress

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图 5 改变法向应力时的龙马溪组页岩摩擦系数-位移曲线

a.平行层理; b.垂直层理

Fig. 5. The testing plot between friction factor and displacement for the Longmaxi samples in different normal stress

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图 6 五峰组和龙马溪组平行层理、垂直层理页岩在不同水平应力加载速度下的摩擦系数-位移曲线

a.五峰组平行层理页岩在不同水平应力加载速度下的摩擦系数-位移曲线; b.五峰组垂直层理页岩在不同水平应力加载速度下的摩擦系数-位移曲线; c.龙马溪组平行层理页岩在不同水平应力加载速度下的摩擦系数-位移曲线; d.龙马溪组垂直层理页岩在不同水平应力加载速度下的摩擦系数-位移曲线

Fig. 6. The testing plots between friction factor and displacement in different loading velocities for the parallel and vertical bedding samples from Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation

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图 7 粘土矿物含量与a-b值的拟合曲线

Fig. 7. The fitting curve between the clay mineral content and a-b

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图 8 龙一₁亚段扫描电镜图

a.龙一₁⁴层; b.龙一₁³层; c.龙一₁²层

Fig. 8. The scanning electron photomicrographs for the different layers in the L1₁ sub-section

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图 9 龙一₁亚段各层单向拉伸破坏形貌

a.龙一₁⁴层; b.龙一₁³层; c.龙一₁²层

Fig. 9. The failure patterns of tension for different layers in the L1₁ sub-section

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图 10 龙一₁亚段各层裂纹扩展特征

Fig. 10. The extension characteristics of the fracture for the different layers in the L1₁ sub-section

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表 1 四组试样全岩矿物XRD衍射测试数据

Table 1. The whole-rock analysis data of the four shale samples by XRD diffraction

组别	矿物种类和含量（%）								粘土矿物总量(%)
组别	石英	钾长石	斜长石	黄铁矿	脆性矿物	白云石	方解石	碳酸盐岩矿物	粘土矿物总量(%)
五峰平行	27.9	0.4	2.2	3.4	33.9	13.6	39.1	52.7	13.4
五峰垂直	28.6	0.6	4.3	2.4	35.9	11.4	38.3	49.7	14.4
龙马溪平行	33.3	0.2	4.9	3.7	42.1	12.6	25.5	38.1	19.8
龙马溪垂直	38.3	0.5	5.0	4.3	48.1	9.2	27.4	36.6	15.3

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表 2 五峰组平行层理页岩的a-b值计算表

Table 2. The values of a-b for the parallel bedding shale from Wufeng Formation

速度（μm/s）	摩擦系数	a-b
10	0.616	/
3	0.616	0
10	0.610	-0.004 98
30	0.610	0
3	0.630	-0.008 69
10	0.622	-0.006 64
平均值		-0.007 95

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表 3 五峰组垂直层理页岩的a-b值计算表

Table 3. The values of a-b for the vertical bedding shale from Wufeng Formation

速度（μm/s）	摩擦系数	a-b
3	0.675	/
10	0.668	-0.005 81
30	/	/
10	/	/
3	/	/
10	0.672	/
30	0.662	-0.009 1
平均值		-0.007 46

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表 4 龙马溪组平行层理页岩的a-b值计算表

Table 4. The values of a-b for the parallel bedding shale from Longmaxi Formation

速度（μm/s）	摩擦系数	a-b
10	0.643	/
30	0.640	-0.002 73
10	0.649	-0.008 19
30	0.644	-0.004 55
10	/	/
30	/	/
10	/	/
平均值		-0.005 16

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表 5 龙马溪组垂直层理页岩的a-b值计算表

Table 5. The values of a-b for the vertical bedding shale from Longmaxi Formation

速度（μm/s）	摩擦系数	a-b
10	0.663	/
30	0.663	0
10	0.670	-0.006 37
3	0.670	0
10	0.670	0
30	0.670	0
3	0.670	0
平均值		-0.006 37

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表 6 YS108井区龙一₁亚段地应力状态

Table 6. The crustal stress state of L1₁ sub-section in the YS108 well block

井区	小层	顶深（m）	底深（m）	S_v（g/cm³）	S_hmax（g/cm³）	S_hmin（g/cm³）	水平地应力非均匀系数
YS108	龙一₁⁴	2 483.52	2 495.70	2.52	2.98	2.26	0.32
	龙一₁³	2 495.70	2 502.78	2.52	2.75	2.22	0.24
	龙一₁²	2 502.78	2 509.54	2.52	3.15	2.31	0.36
	龙一₁¹	2 509.54	2 511.01	2.53	3.10	2.32	0.34
	五峰	2 511.01	2 516.05	2.52	3.06	2.39	0.28

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