Distribution Characteristics and Causes of Nitrate in Waters of Typical Small Karst Catchment: A Case of the Houzhai River Catchment
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摘要: 岩溶流域水环境极易受到人为活动的影响，而硝酸盐污染是岩溶流域面临的最突出最普遍的问题之一，把握岩溶流域中硝酸盐的来源及其在不同水体中的分布特征与成因，可为岩溶流域硝酸盐污染的防治提供依据.以贵州普定后寨河流域为研究对象，于2017年5月采集地下水和地表水样品共53件，测定主要水化学参数，分析NO3-来源，并结合区域土地利用类型，沿流动路径阐明其影响.结果表明，研究区主要阴、阳离子浓度从大到小依次为HCO3- > SO42- > NO3- > Cl-、Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+，水化学类型以HCO3-Ca型为主.水体NO3-的主要来源为化肥，有6个采样点水体明显受到硝酸盐污染，NO3-浓度变化主要受混合过程控制，硝化作用和反硝化作用影响不明显.流域水体NO3-浓度受土地利用方式影响明显，流经以农田或村寨为主的区域时NO3-浓度升高，流经以林地灌木等自然植被繁茂的区域时NO3-浓度降低.Abstract: The water environment of karst catchment is very susceptible to human activities. Nitrate pollution is a prominent and common problem in karst catchment. It is important to clarify the source, distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of nitrate in waters of karst catchment, which can facilitate the nitrate pollution prevention in karst catchment. The Houzhai River catchment of Puding of Guizhou was selected as the study area. 53 samples of groundwater and surface water were collected for measuring water chemical parameters in May 2017. Water chemical parameters were determined for analyzing the NO3- source. Combined with the land use type, the influence of the nitrate spatial distribution was discussed along the flow path. The results show that the order of ion concentration in waters was Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+, HCO3- > SO42- > NO3- > Cl- in the study area, respectively. The type of water chemistry was HCO3-Ca. The main source of NO3- was the chemical fertilizer. Variations of NO3- concentration along the flow path were mainly controlled by the mixing process, and the impact of nitrification and denitrification was not obvious. Waters of 6 sampling sites were obviously polluted by nitrate. The concentration of NO3- in waters of the catchment was obviously affected by the land use pattern. NO3- concentration increased when waters flowed through farmland or villages, and decreased when they flowed through forest land.
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Key words:
- karst /
- nitrate /
- distribution characteristics /
- formation mechnism /
- land use /
- mixing process /
- hydrogeology
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图 3 地表水和地下水HCO3-/Na+、Mg2+/Na+与Ca2+/Na+的关系
Fig. 3. Relationships of HCO3-/Na+ and Mg2+/Na+ with Ca2+/Na+ in surface water and groundwater
图 4 地下水硝酸盐浓度空间分布特征
Fig. 4. Spatial distribution characteristics of groundwater nitrate concentration
图 5 地表水和地下水中Cl–-NO3–(a)及Cl–-NO3–/Cl–(b)关系
据Liu et al.（2006）和Yue et al.（2014）
Fig. 5. Relationships of Cl–-NO3– (a) and Cl–-NO3–/Cl– (b) in surface water and groundwater
图 7 研究区土地利用类型及水体硝酸盐浓度分布
Fig. 7. Land use type in the study area and distribution of nitrate concentration in water
图 8 A、B、C三条路径沿程地下水和地表水的NO3–和TDS浓度变化
图a为路径A，图b为路径B，图c为路径C
Fig. 8. Changes in NO3– and TDS concentration of groundwater and surface water along three paths
图 9 D路径沿程地下水和地表水的NO3–和TDS浓度变化
Fig. 9. Changes in NO3– and TDS concentration of groundwater and surface water along D path
表 1 研究区水化学参数
Table 1. Statistics of water chemical parameters in the study area
项目 地表水（mg/L） 地下水（mg/L） 最大值 最小值 平均值 标准差 变异系数 最大值 最小值 平均值 标准差 变异系数 pH 8.50 7.27 7.88 0.37 0.05 8.10 7.11 7.48 0.24 0.03 EC(S/m) 774 340 640 118 0.18 1 276 189 633 171 0.27 K+ 8.55 1.77 4.19 2.25 0.54 41.68 - 5.00 7.22 1.44 Na+ 15.16 1.97 6.39 3.67 0.57 28.59 0.19 5.92 5.28 0.89 Ca2+ 125.70 49.50 88.51 19.19 0.22 131.62 63.14 91.95 15.58 0.17 Mg2+ 36.93 19.17 27.44 4.44 0.16 59.21 9.24 26.84 10.80 0.40 Cl- 20.46 4.74 11.88 4.81 0.40 34.71 0.60 10.49 7.20 0.69 SO42- 174.58 54.32 115.28 31.71 0.28 309.66 33.94 99.63 57.28 0.57 NO3- 49.14 0.76 27.50 12.20 0.44 70.69 0.23 31.18 14.18 0.45 HCO3- 284.02 176.44 239.60 28.71 0.12 357.18 193.65 255.77 37.82 0.15 TDS 620.25 313.70 520.79 86.99 0.17 921.09 339.42 526.79 103.80 0.20 NH4+ 2.12 - 0.61 0.79 1.30 2.86 - 1.10 0.83 0.75 注：“-”表示低于检出线. 
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表 2 各样品点土地利用类型
Table 2. Statistics of land use types at each sampling point
样品编号 土地利用类型 样品编号 土地利用类型 样品编号 土地利用类型 样品编号 土地利用类型 Q6 林地 Q24 村寨 Q40 农田 R5 农田 Q7 农田 Q25 农田 Q41 林地 R6 农田 Q8 村寨 Q26 农田 Q42 林地 R9 农田 Q9 村寨 Q27 村寨 Q43 农田 R10 农田 Q11 农田 Q28 农田 Q44 农田 R11 农田 Q12 农田 Q30 农田 Q45 农田 R12 农田 Q13 农田 Q31 农田 Q46 农田 R14 农田 Q14 农田 Q32 农田 Q47 农田 R15 农田 Q15 农田 Q35 农田 Q48 林地 R17 林地 Q18 农田 Q36 林地 Q49 农田 R18 农田 Q19 农田 Q37 农田 Q50 农田 R19 林地 Q20 农田 Q38 村寨 Q51 林地 R21 林地 Q21 林地 Q39 农田 R3 农田 R22 林地 Q23 农田 注：其中农田37个，林地11个，村寨5个.
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