Reservoirs Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of High Temperature and Overpressure Reservoirs from Miocene in Ying-Qiong Basin
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摘要: 中新统黄流-梅山组重力流、高温超压储层是南海北部莺-琼盆地中央坳陷带主力勘探层系，发育粉、细、中、粗砂岩与中、低、特低渗物性特征.通过研究高温超压储层特征，确定有利储层形成机制，为重点领域评价提供地质依据.结果表明，由东方到乐东区到乐东-陵水凹陷、由凹陷斜坡区到凹陷中心，由于地温梯度与异常超压形成时间、强度的变化，进入各成岩期深度加深，储层孔隙度纵向减小幅度不大，明显不同于斜坡区常压储层.沉积环境控制的储集岩粒度、泥质杂基与高温超压、热流体控制的成岩作用共同控制有利储层，以往凹陷方向发育早期超压保护的海底扇区为有利，凹陷斜坡区热流体作用形成大量次生孔隙，发育中渗“甜点”储层.Abstract: The main exploration strata are gravity flow deposits and high temperature and overpressure reservoirs with silty, fine, medium and coarse sandstone, and with physical characteristics of medium, low and ultra-low permeability, from the Miocene Huangliu-Meishan Formation in the central depression of Ying-Qiong Basin in the northern South China Sea. By studying the characteristics of high temperature and overpressure reservoirs, the formation mechanism of favorable reservoir is determined, which provides geological basis for evaluation of key areas. From Dongfang to Ledong to Ledong-Lingshui Depression, from the slope area of the sag to the center of the sag, the depth is deepened in each diagenesis period because of differences in the geothermal gradient and the formation time and development intensity, of abnormal overpressure, however, the porosity decreases slightly in the longitudinal direction, which is obviously different from the atmospheric reservoir in the slope area. Favorable reservoirs are controlled by the grain size and mudstone matrix of reservoir rock controlled by sedimentary environment, and diagenesis controlled by high temperature, overpressure and thermal fluid.The submarine fan reservoir with overpressure protection is favorable in the center of sag. The medium permeability "sweet spot" reservoir is developed with a large number of secondary pores formed by thermal fluids in the slope.
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图 1 莺-琼盆地构造区划图(a)与中新统梅山组沉积相图(b)
Fig. 1. Structural division and sedimentary facies from Meishan formation of Miocene in Ying-Qiong Basin
图 2 莺-琼盆地中新统水道-海底扇储层岩石类型
Q、F、L分别代表单晶石英、单晶长石和岩屑；H1、H2、M1、M分别代表黄流组一段、黄流组二段、梅山组一段、梅山组，下同
Fig. 2. Rock type of channel-submarine fan reservoir from Miocene in Ying-Qiong Basin
图 3 莺-琼盆地中新统水道-海底扇储层特征显微照片
a.极细-细粒石英砂岩，点-线接触，粒间孔为主（X2-1井，2 984.00 m，H1，单偏光）；b.极细砂岩，点-线接触，粒间孔与粒内溶孔（Y2-1井，3 852.00 m，H2，单偏光）；c.中-细砂岩，线接触，粒间孔与粒内溶孔（A2-1井，3711.50 m，H1，单偏光）；d.粗-中砂岩，线、凹凸-线接触，粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔（A2-1井，3 884.00 m，H2，单偏光）；e.中砂岩，粒内溶孔与粒间溶孔，凹凸-线接触（A2-1井，4 136.40 m，M1，单偏光）；f.粉-极细砂岩，铸模孔为主，线接触为主（B-7井，3 892.89 m，H2，单偏光）；g.极细砂岩，点-线接触，粒间孔为主（S-2井，3 800.78 m，M，单偏光)；h.中-粗砂岩，线-凹凸接触，粒间孔与粒间溶孔（C-1井，3 968.00 m，M，单偏光)；i.砂砾岩，线接触，粒间孔发育（B-2井，4 821.25 m，M，单偏光)；j.极细-细砂岩，少量粘土矿物堵塞孔隙（Y2-1井，3 871.00 m，H1，正交光）；k.极细-细砂岩，大量粘土矿物堵塞孔隙（B-7井，3 701.70 m，H2，正交光）；l.中-粗砂岩，溶蚀孔发育，铁白云石充填（A1-6井，4 310.50 m，H2，单偏光）
Fig. 3. Microphotos of channel-submarine fan reservoir from miocene in Ying-Qiong Basin
图 4 莺-琼盆地中央坳陷带钻井成岩阶段划分
Fig. 4. Diagenesis stage devision of the central depression zone in Ying-Qiong Basi
图 5 莺歌海盆地东方-乐东区中新统黄流组储层重矿物组合与储层参数对比
a.东方区西物源区储层重矿物组合; b.东方区东物源区储层重矿物组合; c.东方区西物源区储层参数; d.东方区东物源区储层参数; e.乐东区东物源区储层重矿物组合
Fig. 5. Heavy mineral assemblages and reservoir parameters comparison from Huangliu Formation of the mesozoic in Dongfang-Ledong area of Yinggehai Basin
图 6 莺-琼盆地中央坳陷带储层实测孔隙度与声波时差变化
Fig. 6. Reservoir porosity and acoustic time difference evolution in the central depression of Ying-Qiong Basin
图 7 莺歌海盆地东方-乐东区成岩模式
Fig. 7. Diagenetic model of Dongfang-Ledong area in Yinggehai Basin
表 1 莺-琼盆地中央坳陷带中新统储层参数对比表
Table 1. Reservoirs parameters of miocene in the central depression of Ying-Qiong Basin
构造 层位 埋深(m) 平均压力系数 平均流体压力(MPa) 平均地温梯度(℃/km) 粒级 孔隙度(%) 孔隙度评价 渗透率(mD) 渗透率评价 东方X1区 H1 2 687~3 213 1.93 54.6 38.7 粉、极细、细 6.6~22.7/17.3 低-中孔 0.05~90.4/5.7 低渗为主 东方X2区 2 750~3 455 1.71 53.2 38.8 极细、细 4.3~21.0/15.6 0.1~344.6/33.7 中渗为主 东方Y2区 H2 3 820~3 890 2.17 82.1 40.0 极细 9.7~16.9/14.9 中-低孔 0.1~1.8/0.9 低-特低渗 乐东A区 H1 3 710~3 763 1.70 62.5 36.6 细 14.2~16.8/15.7 中孔 0.7~4.7/2.2 中孔、低渗 H2 3 850~4 340 1.96 76.8 38.0 细、中、粗 0.9~16.2/8.2 低-特低孔 0.05~33.70/1.60 特低、低、中渗 M1 4 057~4 175 2.21 88.6 39.2 粗~中 0.03~15.80/9.10 低-特低孔 0.05~8.10/0.5 低-特低渗 乐东B区 H2 3 700~3 900 2.13 79.2 42.9 极细 16.7~20.4/19.3 中孔 0.1~0.9/0.3 特低渗 陵水S区 M 3 432~3 940 1.86 67.2 35.4 粉、极细 10.2~26.1/19.6 低-中孔 0.05~26.90/4.600 中、低、特低渗 崖城C区 3 899~4 023 1.85 71.6 36.8 中~粗 1.3~19.7/13.7 低孔为主 0.1~4.6/1.6 低渗为主 崖城B区 4 817~4 835 1.85 87.4 40.0 粗、砂砾 2.5~13.1/6.8 低-特低孔 0.01~9.10/0.90 低-特低渗 
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