Quantitative Evaluation of Sealing Capacity of High Temperature and Pressure Caprocks in Yinggehai Basin
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摘要: 莺歌海盆地是我国南海重要的新生代含油气盆地，随着浅层常压层系天然气开发程度的逐渐提高，中深层高温高压层系成为天然气勘探的主要目标，超压背景下盖层封闭的有效性受到广泛关注.近年来，不同学者针对莺歌海盆地盖层进行了大量的研究，但是对高温高压的气藏盖层的封闭机理、破坏条件及其定量评价仍存在一定的问题.通过对莺歌海盆地中深层高温高压层系盖层进行系统的分析，明确盖层的封闭机理为毛细管封闭和水力封闭.利用泥岩盖层排替压力、声波时差及孔隙度之间的关系，对莺歌海盆地区域性盖层的毛细管封闭能力进行预测.莺歌海盆地中深层盖层普遍具有较强的毛细管封闭能力.因此，超压诱发的水力破裂是油气多层位聚集的根本原因，进而提出了盖层水力破裂压力系数定量评价盖层水力破裂风险性.评价结果显示，盖层发生水力破裂与底辟构造活动具有明显的相关性，盖层水力破裂风险由底辟中心向外围逐渐减弱.位于莺歌海盆地斜坡近凹带，且紧邻乐东三大底辟的LD-B区块是油气富集的有利区域.Abstract: Yinggehai Basin is the important Cenozoic petroliferous basin in China South Sea. With the gradual improvement of the petroleum exploration and development in shallow layers,middle and deep overpressured layers become the main target of the natural gas exploration. Whether the caprocks can effectively seal the oil and gas turns to be a crucial questions for the research. In recent years,different scholars have conducted a lot of researches on the caprocks of Yinggehai Baisn,but there are still some questions in the sealing mechanism,failure conditions and quantitative evaluation of the caprocks in high temperature and pressure. Based on the systematic analysis of the high temperature and pressure caprocks in Yinggehai Basin,it is clear that the sealing mechanism of caprocks is capillary sealing and hydraulic sealing. Using the relationship among displacement pressure,acoustic time and porosity of mudstone to predict the capillary sealing ability of regional caprocks,the results show that the caprocks in Yinggehai Basin have strong capillary sealing ability. Therefore,hydraulic fractures induced by overpressure are the fundamental cause of oil and gas multilayer accumulation,and then propose the cap hydraulic fracturing pressure coefficient to quantitative evaluate the risk of hydraulic fracturing in caprocks. The evaluation results show that there is a significant correlation between the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing in the caprock and the diapir activity,the risk of hydraulic fracturing in caprocks gradually decreases from the diapiric center to the periphery. LD-B block located in the slope near the depression in Yinggehai Basin which is adjacent to the Ledong diapirs,is a favorable area for oil and gas accumulation.
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Key words:
- Yinggehai Basin /
- caprock /
- overpressure /
- displacement pressure /
- hydraulic fracture /
- petroleum geology
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图 3 莺歌海盆地莺歌海组二段下部-黄流组一段上部泥岩盖层厚度分布
Fig. 3. The thickness contour map of Second Member of Yinggehai to First Member of Huangliu Formation caprocks, Yinggehai Basin
图 4 莺歌海盆地泥岩排替压力与气柱高度关系
Fig. 4. Relationship between mudstone displacement pressure and gas column height in Yinggehai Basin
图 5 莺歌海盆地泥岩排替压力预测
a.盖层孔隙度与声波时差的关系; b.盖层排替压力与孔隙度的关系
Fig. 5. Prediction of displacement pressure in Yinggehai Baisn
图 6 莺歌海盆地黄流组顶部盖层排替压力分布特征
Fig. 6. The displacement pressure in Huangliu Formation in Yinggehai Baisn
图 7 不同地应力及力学性质条件下盖层的水力破裂能力
A1C1, A2C2, A3C3分别为完整盖层在不同破裂类型下的水力破裂能力；B1C1, B2C2, B3C3分别为先存水力裂缝盖层在不同应力条件下水力破裂能力
Fig. 7. Hydraulic fracturing of caprock in different stress and mechanical properties
图 8 莺歌海盆地地应力和流体压力分布
Fig. 8. The distribution of geostress and fluid pressure in Yinggehai Baisn
图 9 莺歌海盆地黄流组一段盖层水力破裂压力系数
Fig. 9. The hydraulic fracturing pressure coefficient of Huangliu caprocks in Yinggehai Basin
表 1 不同差应力条件下岩石的破裂方式及破裂准则
Table 1. The fracture mode and criterion of rocks in different differential stress
破裂模式 破裂准则 差应力条件 张性破裂 P=S3+T ΔS < 4T 张性剪切破裂 P=Sn+(4T2-τ2)/4T 4T < ΔS < 6T 剪切破裂 P=Sn+(C-τ)/μ ΔS > 6T 注：P为破裂压力(MPa)；ΔS为差应力(MPa)；S3为最小主应力(MPa)；T为岩石抗张强度(MPa)；τ为剪应力(MPa)；μ为摩擦系数；据 Phillips et al.(1972) 
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表 2 莺歌海盆地盖层岩石力学参数分布范围
Table 2. Distribution range of mechanical parameters of caprocks in Yinggehai Basin
井名 DF-B3 DF-A12 地层 黄一段 黄一段 莺二段 莺二段 岩性 泥质粉砂岩 泥岩 粉砂质泥岩 粉砂质泥岩 内聚力(MPa) 21.30 16.93 14.74 17.00 摩擦系数(μ) 0.437 0.480 0.590 0.610 抗张强度(T)(MPa) 10.65 8.47 7.37 8.50 范围(T，μ) 7.37 < T < 10.65 0.437 < μ < 0.610
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