西藏南部错那洞矽卡岩型铍钨锡多金属矿体成矿母岩成岩时代及其地球化学特征

夏祥标; 李光明; 曹华文; 梁维; 付建刚

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2019.038

西藏南部错那洞矽卡岩型铍钨锡多金属矿体成矿母岩成岩时代及其地球化学特征

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.038

中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心, 四川成都 610081

基金项目:

中国地质调查局项目 DD20160015

中国地质调查局项目 DD20190147

国家重点研发计划项目 2018YFC0604103

详细信息

作者简介:
夏祥标(1982-), 男, 高级工程师, 长期从事青藏高原地质研究工作

中图分类号: P597
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-12-31
- 刊出日期: 2019-07-15

Petrogenic Age and Geochemical Characteristics of the Mother Rock of Skarn Type Ore Body in the Cuonadong Be-W-Sn Polymetallic Deposit, Southern Tibet

Chengdu Center, China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China

摘要

摘要: 错那洞穹窿是北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹窿带(NHGD)中发现的新成员，并发育有超大型铍钨锡多金属成矿作用.错那洞矿床铍钨锡多金属矿体赋存于矽卡岩、断裂构造及(伟晶状)花岗岩中，以矽卡岩型矿体为主，形成矽卡岩型矿体的成矿母岩则为一套弱定向二云母花岗岩.针对弱定向二云母花岗岩开展了年代学及地球化学特征研究工作.年代学结果表明，弱定向二云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为16.5±0.3 Ma，为中新世淡色花岗岩浆活动，表明错那洞超大型铍钨锡多金属矿床形成于中新世，为喜马拉雅碰撞造山过程中伸展阶段的产物.地球化学结果表明，该套成矿弱定向二云母花岗岩具有富硅(73.36%~73.89%)、贫铁(0.96%~1.58%)、强过铝质的钙碱性花岗岩地球化学特征.其稀土元素总量较低，相对富集轻稀土元素，而相对亏损重稀土元素，具有明显负Eu异常，相对富集Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素，相对亏损Zr、Ti等高场强元素，地球化学特征综合显示其为一套高分异淡色花岗岩，可能为变泥质岩重融的产物，与藏南拆离系(STDS)的活动密切相关.
- 错那洞 /
- 稀有金属 /
- 弱定向二云母花岗岩 /
- 成岩时代 /
- 地球化学
Abstract: The Cuonadong gneiss dome is a newly discovered dome in the North Himalaya gneiss domes (NHGD) belt. Mineralization of the Cuonadong super-large Be-W-Sn polymetallic deposit is developed in the Cuonadong dome. The Cuonadong Be-W-Sn polymetallic ore bodies exist in skarn, fractures and (giant) granite. The main genetic type of deposit is skarn type, and the mother rock of skarn type ore body is weakly oriented two-mica granite. In this paper, chronology and geochemical characteristics of metallogenic mother rock (weakly oriented two-mica granite) of skarn type ore body in the Cuonadong super-large Be-W-Sn polymetallic deposit are studied. Zircon U-Pb dating results show that the weakly oriented two-mica granite's formation time is 16.5±0.3 Ma, which belongs to magmatic activity of Miocene leucogranite. It shows that the Cuonadong super-large Be-W-Sn polymetallic deposit, which is the product of the extension stage of Himalayan collision orogenic process, was formed in Miocene. Geochemical data show that metallogenic mother rock (weakly oriented two-mica granite) is the calcium alkaline and strong peraluminous granite with high silica (73.36%-73.89%), low iron(0.96%-1.58%). Its total rare earth is relatively low, with enrichment of LREE, depletion of HREE and obvious negative Eu anomaly. The two-mica granite is characterized by an enrichment of some large iron lithophile elements (Rb, Th) and loss of high field strength elements (Zr, Ti).The geochemical characteristics of two-mica granite show that it is a set of highly fractionated leucogranite. The study shows that the weakly oriented two-mica granite may be the product of remelting of metaargillaceous rocks, which is closely related to the activities of the South Tibetan detachment system.
- Cuonadong /
- rare metal /
- weakly oriented two-mica granite /
- petrogenic age /
- geochemistry

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图 1 喜马拉雅片麻岩穹窿分布图(a)及扎西康整装勘查区地质简图(b)

据张林奎等(2018)修改

Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of the Himalayan gneiss domes (a) and generalized geological map of the Zhaxikang integrated exploration area (b)

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图 2 错那洞穹窿地质简图

据张林奎等(2018)修改

Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of the Cuonadong dome

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图 3 矿石宏观及微观特征特征

a.裂隙中的锡石呈自形状集合体产出；b.钨灯下，矽卡岩中白钨矿发出天蓝色荧光；c.伟晶岩中绿柱石；d.锡石与石英共生，且锡石具有结晶环带(正交偏光)；e.白钨矿与石英共生，显示出强内反射特征(反射光)；f.硅铍石和羟硅铍石是矽卡岩中重要的富Be矿物(BSD图像)；Cst.锡石；Sch.白钨矿；Qz.石英；Brl.绿柱石；Be.硅铍石；Ber.羟硅铍石；Di.透辉石；Ep.绿帘石；Tri.透闪石

Fig. 3. Macro-and micro-feature of ores in the rare metals mineral occurrence

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图 4 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩野外照片和镜下照片

a.弱定向二云母花岗岩野外露头；b.弱定向二云母花岗岩与矽卡岩直接接触；c.弱定向二云母花岗岩镜下照片(+)可见云母具定向性；d.弱定向二云母花岗岩镜下照片(+)；sk.矽卡岩矿体；γ¹.弱定向二云母花岗岩；sch.十字石石榴石云母片岩；Q.石英；Kf.钾长石；Pl.斜长石；Bi.黑云母；Ms.白云母

Fig. 4. Macro-and micro-feature of weakly oriented two-mica granite in the Cuonadong dome

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图 5 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩锆石CL图像

Fig. 5. CL images of zircons from weakly oriented two-mica granite in the Cuonadong dome

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图 6 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄图解

Fig. 6. U-Pb concordia diagrams of zircons from weakly oriented two-mica granite in the Cuonadong dome

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图 7 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩SiO₂-K₂O(a)和A/CNK-A/NK (b)关系

Fig. 7. Classifications diagrams for weakly oriented two-mica granite in the Cuonadong deposit of Tibet: (a) SiO₂-K₂O plot; and (b) A/NCK-A/NK plot

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图 8 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线(a)和微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(b)

Fig. 8. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern (a) and primitive mantle-normalized spider diagram (b) for weakly oriented two-mica granite in the Cuonadong, Tibet

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图 9 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩T_LREE-T_Zr图解

Fig. 9. T_LREE vs. T_Zr plot for weakly oriented two-mica granite in the Cuonadong, Tibet

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图 10 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩Rb/Ba-Rb/Sr和A/MF-C/MF图解

Fig. 10. Rb/Ba-Rb/Sr diagram and A/MF-C/MF diagram for weakly oriented two-mica granite in the Cuonadong, Tibet

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图 11 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)-(FeO/MgO)和(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)-((K₂O+Na₂O)/CaO)图解

Fig. 11. Zr+Nb+Ce+Y versus FeO/MgO and(K₂O+Na₂O)/CaO plots showing A-type granites and fields of fractionated felsic granites

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图 12 错那弱定向二云母花岗岩构造环境判别图

Fig. 12. Discrimination diagrams of tectonic environments for weakly oriented two-mica granite in the Cuonadong, Tibet

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表 1 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石测试数据表

Table 1. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb isotopic data for weakly oriented two-mica granite in the Cuonadong dome

分析点	含量（10^-6）		Th/U	同位素比值						年龄（Ma）
分析点	Th	U	Th/U	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	1σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U	1σ	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	1σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	1σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U	1σ	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	1σ
D1037-16	112.29	4 218.86	0.026 6	0.050 21	0.003 20	0.016 9	0.001	0.002 5	0.000 04	205.6	145.4	17.1	1.0	15.8	0.3
D1037-6	405.54	7 788.89	0.052 1	0.042 29	0.002 12	0.014 5	0.000 7	0.002 5	0.000 03	198.6	87.5	14.6	0.7	16	0.2
D1037-19	293.18	15 666.18	0.018 7	0.050 79	0.002 58	0.018	0.000 8	0.002 6	0.000 03	231.6	118.5	18.1	0.8	16.4	0.2
D1037-22	3 633.26	54 512.08	0.066 7	0.050 33	0.002 14	0.018	0.000 7	0.002 6	0.000 03	209.3	98.1	18.1	0.7	16.5	0.2
D1037-9	223.41	12 440.31	0.018	0.046 94	0.002 19	0.016 7	0.000 7	0.002 6	0.000 03	55.7	98.1	16.8	0.7	16.6	0.2
D1037-24	246.47	12 903.66	0.019 1	0.048 93	0.002 31	0.017 7	0.000 9	0.002 6	0.000 04	146.4	109.2	17.9	0.9	16.7	0.3
D1037-15	313.11	14 938.97	0.021	0.048 19	0.001 84	0.017 6	0.000 7	0.002 6	0.000 04	109.4	88.9	17.7	0.7	16.9	0.2
D1037-23	244.95	10 696.1	0.022 9	0.046 88	0.002 70	0.017 2	0.001	0.002 7	0.000 1	42.7	133.3	17.3	1.0	17.1	0.3
D1037-14	312.52	10 350.64	0.030 2	0.047 67	0.002 33	0.017 9	0.001	0.002 7	0.000 1	83.4	111.1	18.0	1.0	17.3	0.3
D1037-11	590.92	674.23	0.876 4	0.057 13	0.002 04	0.660 1	0.024 9	0.082 8	0.001 2	498.2	77.8	514.7	15.2	512.6	7.1
D1037-25	10 926.07	7 369.65	1.482 6	0.073 44	0.001 82	0.992 8	0.123 7	0.095 7	0.010 9	1 027.8	50.0	700.1	63.0	589	64
D1037-2	1 140.65	1 015.24	1.123 5	0.065 20	0.001 60	1.205 1	0.029 4	0.132 4	0.001 2	788.9	51.8	802.9	13.6	801.8	7.1
D1037-4	1 219.61	1 036.98	1.176 1	0.062 45	0.001 57	1.170 7	0.029 7	0.134 5	0.001 3	700.0	53.7	787.0	13.9	813.7	7.3

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表 2 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩主量元素分析数据(%)

Table 2. Major elements (%) composition of weakly oriented two-mica granite in the Cuonadong Be-Rb-W-Sn deposit, Tibet

样号	D1037-1	D1037-2	D1037-3	D1037-4	D1037-5	D1037-6	D1037-7	D1037-8
SiO₂	73.62	73.36	73.42	73.89	73.56	73.43	73.44	73.74
Al₂O₃	14.71	14.64	14.61	14.70	14.73	14.75	14.66	14.74
Fe₂O₃	0.06	0.14	0.06	0.09	0.15	0.17	0.14	0.12
FeO	1.17	1.36	1.43	1.12	1.07	1.58	1.20	0.96
MgO	0.096	0.093	0.097	0.094	0.095	0.101	0.092	0.094
CaO	0.72	0.71	0.76	0.75	0.73	0.72	0.71	0.73
Na₂O	3.74	3.66	3.78	3.78	3.73	3.80	3.79	3.79
K₂O	4.51	4.57	4.45	4.45	4.49	4.55	4.51	4.49
TiO₂	0.062	0.068	0.063	0.067	0.063	0.062	0.062	0.064
MnO	0.042	0.04	0.043	0.040	0.038	0.039	0.037	0.034
P₂O₅	0.112	0.112	0.109	0.111	0.11	0.11	0.109	0.112
LOI	0.56	0.57	0.52	0.55	0.57	0.55	0.55	0.50
TOTAL	99.40	99.32	99.34	99.64	99.33	99.86	99.30	99.37
A/NK	1.33	1.34	1.32	1.33	1.34	1.32	1.32	1.33
A/CNK	1.19	1.19	1.18	1.19	1.20	1.18	1.18	1.19
Na₂O+K₂O	8.25	8.22	8.23	8.23	8.22	8.35	8.30	8.28
Na₂O/K₂O	0.83	0.80	0.85	0.85	0.83	0.83	0.84	0.84

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表 3 错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩微量元素(10^-6)和稀土元素(10^-6)分析数据

Table 3. Trace elements (10^-⁶) and rare earthe lements (10^-⁶) results of weakly oriented two-mica granite at the Cuonadong, Tibet

	D1037-1	D1037-2	D1037-3	D1037-4	D1037-5	D1037-6	D1037-7	D1037-8
La	9.66	9.33	7.93	10.06	9.59	9.33	9.22	6.76
Ce	19.37	19.66	16.84	21.49	20.33	19.50	19.59	14.38
Pr	2.35	2.45	2.04	2.56	2.41	2.30	2.32	1.71
Nd	9.46	9.35	8.20	10.32	9.56	9.21	9.28	6.88
Sm	3.00	3.11	2.71	3.26	3.10	2.98	3.03	2.33
Eu	0.36	0.44	0.29	0.33	0.32	0.33	0.33	0.28
Gd	2.53	2.62	2.34	2.77	2.66	2.64	2.63	2.09
Tb	0.43	0.53	0.40	0.46	0.45	0.44	0.44	0.37
Dy	2.14	2.12	2.03	2.23	2.23	2.21	2.28	1.82
Ho	0.38	0.48	0.35	0.39	0.39	0.38	0.40	0.32
Er	1.01	1.03	0.97	1.02	1.07	1.03	1.07	0.84
Tm	0.16	0.27	0.14	0.14	0.16	0.15	0.15	0.12
Yb	0.85	0.86	0.81	0.83	0.93	0.89	0.89	0.69
Lu	0.14	0.23	0.11	0.11	0.13	0.12	0.13	0.10
ΣREE	51.85	52.48	45.16	55.97	53.32	51.52	51.77	38.69
LREE	44.20	44.33	38.02	48.02	45.31	43.65	43.77	32.34
HREE	7.65	8.14	7.14	7.95	8.01	7.87	8.00	6.35
LREE/HREE	5.78	5.45	5.33	6.04	5.65	5.55	5.47	5.09
LaN/YbN	8.15	7.79	7.05	8.73	7.39	7.52	7.40	6.99
δEu	0.40	0.47	0.36	0.34	0.34	0.36	0.35	0.39
δCe	1.00	1.01	1.03	1.04	1.04	1.03	1.04	1.04
Bi	4.45	3.58	3.47	5.22	5.14	4.91	4.38	3.27
Sc	2.15	2.05	1.98	1.94	1.97	1.95	1.94	1.93
Cr	6.32	8.24	10.16	10.17	12.88	9.89	7.32	7.06
Co	1.68	2.72	1.93	2.59	2.88	2.80	4.14	2.31
Ni	1.74	1.94	1.68	0.98	3.21	2.26	1.84	1.18
Ga	34.25	33.29	32.13	32.03	32.64	33.79	34.86	32.12
Rb	504.55	505.63	492.98	494.71	499.94	506.09	506.93	498.19
Sr	29.31	29.51	29.63	29.39	28.94	30.40	29.43	30.68
Y	9.76	8.76	9.39	10.01	10.35	9.99	10.10	8.11
Nb	10.99	10.85	10.25	10.69	10.45	10.87	10.64	10.19
Sn	23.67	23.75	22.69	23.12	22.54	23.06	23.36	21.86
W	2.29	2.14	2.22	2.20	2.25	2.27	2.26	2.17
Ba	61.28	61.57	63.62	61.14	64.10	63.14	57.69	60.29
Hf	2.15	2.17	2.14	2.12	2.11	2.15	2.10	2.01
Ta	2.42	2.24	1.95	2.03	2.34	2.06	2.29	2.02
Th	10.60	9.37	9.47	9.64	9.48	9.65	9.65	8.31
Zr	29.28	31.29	27.36	29.02	28.03	29.62	29.77	27.53
Nb/Ta	4.54	4.84	5.26	5.28	4.46	5.27	4.65	5.04
Rb/Sr	17.21	17.13	16.64	16.83	17.28	16.65	17.22	16.24
Ti/Y	38.19	46.58	40.21	39.98	36.24	37.46	36.76	47.13
Ti/Zr	12.73	13.04	13.79	13.79	13.38	12.64	12.48	13.88

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