Late Triassic-Early Jurassic Uplifting in Eastern Qilian Mountain and Its Geological Significance: Evidence from Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology
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摘要: 祁连山东北部为青藏高原隆升和东扩的前锋带，新生代以来经历了快速隆升和强烈剥露改造过程，致使前新生代地层面目全非，中生代陆内构造演化事件研究仍较薄弱，缺乏年代学的约束.为揭示和分析祁连山东部中生代构造隆升时限与过程，进而探讨秦祁造山带中生代陆内构造演化特点及区域动力学环境.主要采用物源分析、碎屑沉积物及基岩磷灰石裂变径迹定年，并结合裂变径迹热史反演模拟技术开展研究.研究表明，研究区侏罗系龙凤山组为近源的断陷盆地沉积，物源主要来自其周邻前中生代地层；其碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹未发生重置，年龄、径迹长度特征表明其源区在晚三叠世（±215 Ma）出现了快速冷却事件，同时东北部基岩裂变径迹热史模拟结果亦显示其较好地记录了该期事件，这与前人利用40Ar-39Ar年代学所揭示的西秦岭地区中晚三叠世快速抬升事件具时空统一性.分析表明研究区晚三叠世-早侏罗世发生了快速抬升事件，并认为该构造隆升事件是对中晚三叠世勉略洋闭合、秦岭最终碰撞造山过程的响应.Abstract: The northeastern margin of the Qilian Mountain, which is the outer zone of the uplift and eastward expansion of Tibetan plateau, has undergone a rapid uplift and strong exhumation process since the Cenozoic. The Mesozoic tectonic evolution study remains very weak for without the chronological constraints because pre-Cenozoic strata in the area have been subjected to the later alteration. Based on the analysis of source of the clastic rocks, sedimentary characteristics and basement apatite fission track dating, this paper reveals the Mesozoic tectonic uplift timing and process of the eastern Qilian Mountains with inversion simulation of fission track thermal history, aims at further exploration of the Mesozoic intracontinental tectonic evolution and regional dynamic background in the Qin-Qi orogenic belt. The results show that the Longfengshan Formation is the rift basin sediment of near-source accumulation from the pre-Mesozoic strata. The detrital apatite fission track has not been annealed, and it still retains the history of uplift and erosion in its source area. The fission track age and the thermal history simulation show that the rapid cooling event occurred in Late Triassic (±215 Ma) in source area, which has also been recorded by thermal history simulation results of the northestern granite body. Our results show the same time-space characteristics with the rapid uplift of the West Qinling region previously revealed by 40Ar/39Ar chronology. Apatite fission track dating reveals a rapid uplift event of the study area in the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic. It is believed that the tectonic uplift event may have been a response to the closure of Mianlue Ocean and consequent collision orogeny in the Middle to Late Triassic.
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图 1 研究区地质、地貌特征数字高程图
据Dong and Santosh(2016)；李三忠等(2016)修改
Fig. 1. The sketch map showing digital elevation model of the geological and geomorphologic features
图 3 研究区区域地质背景及采样位置
图 3c、3b局部出露地层及其符号：An .前寒武系， .寒武系，Jl.侏罗系龙凤山组，K.白垩系，E.古近系，N.新近系，Q.第四系；a.改郭佩等(2017a)；b.西吉红湾、红羊花岗岩体采样位置及地层展布；c.会宁炭山沟龙凤山组采样位置、剖面及地层展布(据甘肃省地质调查院，2004)
Fig. 3. The regional geological background of study area and sampling locations
图 2 祁连山东部会宁地区显生宙地层发育演化及岩性特征
Fig. 2. Evolution of the Phanerozoic stratigraphic development and its lithological characteristics in Huining area, eastern Qilian Mountains
图 4 会宁炭山沟地区侏罗系龙凤山组野外地质剖面
Fig. 4. Field geological profile of Jurassic Longfengshan Formation in Tanshangou, Huining
图 5 会宁炭山沟(a，b)和达子岔(c，d)侏罗系龙凤山组与上覆地层接触关系及砾岩发育特征
Q.第四系；Jl.侏罗系龙凤山组
Fig. 5. Formation contact and conglomerate characteristics of Jurassic Longfengshan Formation in Tanshangou(a, b) and Dazicha(c, d), Huining
图 6 磷灰石裂变径迹样品单颗粒年龄(a和b)及径迹长度分布图(c)
Fig. 6. Single particle age (a, b) and track length (c) distributions of AFT samples
图 7 磷灰石裂变径迹Dpar值与单颗粒年龄(a)及径迹长度(b)关系
彩色实线代表各样品表观年龄，虚线代表各样品的平均径迹长度
Fig. 7. Different plots of the apatite fission track data showing the relationships between Dpar value and single grain age (a) and track length (b)
图 8 磷灰石裂变径迹热历史反演模型
n.测量径迹的条数；MTL-GOF.径迹长度拟合优度；Age-GOF.年龄拟合优度；Acc.可接受的模拟路径；Good.好的模拟路径
Fig. 8. Inversion time-temperature history modeled on AFT analysis
图 9 中晚三叠世－侏罗纪扬子板块向北俯冲、碰撞及勉略洋闭合示意
Fig. 9. Schematic cartoons showing the northward subduction of Yangtze plate and Mianlue Ocean closure and collision orogeny in Middle-Late Triassic-Jurassic
表 1 研究区磷灰石裂变径迹测试结果
Table 1. Apatite fission track(AFT) analysis results of samples
样号 采样地点 海拔(m) 岩性 颗粒数(粒) ρs(106 cm-2)(Ns) ρi(106 cm-2)(Ni) ρd(106 cm-2)(Nd) t±1σ(Ma) P(χ2)(%) L±ΔL(μm)(N) Dpar±1σ(μm) HN1 会宁炭山沟 1 794 灰绿色砂岩 25 1.14(1 084) 0.88(832) 0.99(4 811) 215.6±14.4 86.93 14.50±0.97(93) 2.36±0.39 HSZ1 西吉火石寨 2 272 花岗闪长岩 21 4.55(2 332) 5(2 566) 1.04(2 517) 158.4±8.9 91.69 13.13±1.09(125) 1.88±0.14 HSZ2 西吉火石寨北 2 089 花岗闪长岩 21 0.98(674) 1.09(753) 0.96(2 320) 145±11.2 36.76 12.67±1.07(23) 1.54±0.08 注：Zeta(ζ)=339.34±15.69 a/cm2；Ns.自发径迹数；ρs.自发径迹密度；Ni.诱发径迹数；ρi.诱发径迹密度；Nd.中子注量监测器标准铀玻璃的诱发径迹数；ρd.标准铀玻璃上诱发径迹密度；t.裂变径迹中值年龄；P(χ2).χ2检验值；N.统计径迹条数；L.实测径迹投影到晶体c轴上的长度(围限径迹长度)；Dpar.平行于晶体c轴径迹蚀刻斑坑的平均宽度. 
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