Isotopic Investigation of Rainfall-Runoff Generation in an Alpine Catchment in Headwater Regions of Heihe River, Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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摘要: 为揭示中、低纬度高寒山区降雨-径流的形成过程，指导水资源的合理开发利用，选择黑河上游红泥沟小流域为研究区，基于河道径流量及雨水和河水稳定同位素的观测数据，构建二元混合模型，计算了2013年7月23日及8月21日两次典型降雨-径流事件中事件水（降雨）和事件前水（流域前期储水）对河道径流的贡献及其动态变化.结果显示：两次降雨事件中事件前水的贡献比例分别为68.69%和54.46%；事件前水的贡献比例在涨水阶段减小，在退水阶段增大.结合河水电导率的观测结果，进一步分析了降雨-径流的形成过程：河道径流的形成主要受饱和区蓄满产流、河岸带地下径流和山坡地下径流3种产流机制控制；事件水主要源于蓄满产流，事件前水主要源于河岸带和山坡地下径流；事件初期和末期以河岸带地下水补给为主，涨水阶段后期和退水阶段前期转为以蓄满产流和山坡地下水补给为主，洪峰期间蓄满产流的贡献达到最大.两次事件的对比表明，事件前的湿度条件和降雨强度对降雨-径流的形成过程有着重要影响：前期越湿润，流域储水能力越弱，导水能力越强，事件水的贡献越大，河道径流对降雨的响应越迅速；降雨强度越大，蓄满产流及其中的事件水比例越高，河道径流中事件水的比例也越高.Abstract: The objective of this study is to identify the dominant rainfall-runoff generation mechanisms in the middle-low latitude alpine catchment, which can guide the exploitation and utilization of water resources, stream discharge and isotopic composition of rainwater and stream water in the Hongnigou catchment, an alpine catchment in the headwater regions of the Heihe River, Northeast Qinghai-Tibet plateau, were determined during two typical rainfall-runoff events on July 23 and August 21, 2013. Two-component hydrograph separation along with δ2H of rainwater and stream water was used to estimate the contributions of event and pre-event waters to streamflow and their variations over time. The results show that storm runoff was dominated by pre-event water, which contributed 68.69% and 54.46% of the total runoff during the two events, respectively. Pre-event water contributions decreased on rising limbs and increased on recession limbs. The results of the electrical conductivity of stream water suggest that runoff generation at the Hongnigou catchment was controlled by three hydrological processes, namely overland flow from the saturated zone, riparian groundwater, and hillslope groundwater. The majority of event water came from overland flow, whereas pre-event water mainly came from riparian and hillslope groundwaters. At the beginning and ending of the events, riparian groundwater dominated the runoff response while the contributions of overland flow and hillslope groundwater were limited. During the other parts of the events, i.e., from the late rising limb to early recession limb, overland flow and hillslope groundwater conversely dominated the runoff response, with the contribution of overland flow reaching its maximum at the streamflow peak. The comparison of event results indicates that event water contributions to streamflow were related to antecedent wetness conditions and rainfall intensity. Event water contribution was larger during the event with higher antecedent moisture condition or with higher rainfall intensity.
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Key words:
- alpine catchment /
- hydrograph separation /
- stable isotope /
- water sources /
- electrical conductivity /
- groundwater
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图 1 研究区地理位置(a)及观测、采样点布设图(b)
Fig. 1. The Hongnigou catchment in the Heihe River basin (a) and the observation and sampling sites in the Hongnigou catchment (b)
图 2 研究区2013年降水与径流量过程线
Fig. 2. Time series of precipitation and streamflow in the Hongnigou catchment during 2013
图 3 降雨-径流事件Ⅰ期间降雨强度、河道径流量、河水中δ2H及电导率随时间的变化
Fig. 3. Variation in rainfall, streamflow, and the δ2H and electrical conductivity values of stream water over time during the rainfall-runoff event Ⅰ
图 4 降雨-径流事件Ⅰ期间降雨强度、河道径流量、事件前水和事件水流量及其贡献比例的时间序列
Fig. 4. Time series of rainfall, streamflow, and the contribution amounts and fractions of pre-event water and event water to streamflow during the rainfall-runoff event Ⅰ
图 5 降雨-径流事件Ⅱ期间降雨强度、河道径流量、河水中δ2H及电导率随时间的变化
Fig. 5. Variation in rainfall, streamflow, and the δ2H and electrical conductivity values of stream water over time during the rainfall-runoff event Ⅱ
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