Thermochronological Constraints on Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of South-Central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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摘要: 青藏高原新生代以来的隆升过程及特征长期以来广存争议.岩体中不同单矿物所记录的中低温热年代学信息适用于揭示较新年代地质体的隆升过程，可以为之提供有效制约.在青藏高原部分岩浆岩与变质岩露头区原位采集15块样品，利用锆石与磷灰石裂变径迹等热年代学结果为青藏高原中生代末期以来的隆升过程提供约束.其中，所获10块样品的锆石裂变径迹数据年龄范围为182~33 Ma，分别记录了渐新世之前青藏高原内不同块体间相互碰撞及高原内不同地区的构造热事件.特别是沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布的3个样品，锆石裂变径迹年龄结果一致显示始新世末期-渐新世早期该带存在一期显著的构造热事件.该构造热事件暗示在约36~33 Ma沿雅江缝合带发生过强烈的陆-陆硬碰撞.所获14块样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄范围为70.4~5.0 Ma，综合热史反演结果显示青藏高原南部中新世中晚期以来存在整体性隆升，特别是从上新世开始隆升速率显著加快.磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在空间分布上具有向高原东南部变年轻的趋势，表明青藏高原东南部在上新世以来的构造隆升较其他地区要强烈，暗示印度-亚洲板块碰撞驱动机制对该时期的高原隆升具有控制作用.此外，青藏高原中部在白垩纪末期-始新世可能即已隆升至相当高度，此后至今保持了相当低的剥蚀速率.Abstract: The spatial and temporal characteristics of the uplift in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since the Cenozoic has long been debated. Medium-and low-temperature thermochronological analysis on the base rocks plays an important role in detecting the uplifting processes of the plateau. Here we collected 15 intermediate-acid and metamorphic rock samples distributed in the Tibetan Plateau. Zircon and apatite fission track (ZFT and AFT) analyses were performed on these samples in order to provide constraints on the uplifting process of the plateau since the Mesozoic. 10 samples' ZFT results show that the ZFT ages range from 182 Ma to 33 Ma, probably recording collisions among different terranes or tectonothermal events in the Tibetan plateau before the Oligocene. Specially, ZFT ages of 3 samples distributed around the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone range from Late Eocene to Early Oligocene, which implies that a hard continent-continent collision occurred during ca. 36 to ca. 33 Ma. The Neocene ages dominate the AFT results, varying from 70.4 Ma to 5.0 Ma. Combined with the AFT reversed modeling results, it is concluded that southern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has apparently experienced uplift since the Middle-Late Miocene. The uplift rates increased rapidly after ca. 5 Ma to ca. 4 Ma. The AFT ages become younger towards southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, implying the India and Asia continent collision controls the uplifting process of the Tibetan Plateau. Additionally, the central part of the plateau might have reached high altitude in the Late Cretaceous-Eocene and have kept very low denudation rate up to now.
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Key words:
- Tibet Plateau /
- thermochronology /
- thermal reversed modeling /
- Cenozoic /
- hard collision /
- structural geology
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图 1 (a) 青藏高原构造分区；(b)样品位置及采集剖面点
Fig. 1. (a) Tectonic subdivision of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; (b)samples' locations and traces of transects
图 2 磷灰石样品的热史反演结果
N为径迹条数，GOF为拟合度，部分退火带范围设定为60~120 ℃
Fig. 2. Reversed modeling results of the apatite samples
图 3 (a) 裂变径迹年龄与高程关系；(b)磷灰石裂变径迹年龄与高程的空间分布特征
Fig. 3. (a) Relationship between fission track ages and elevations; (b) spatial distribution characteristics of apatite fission track ages and elevations
图 4 锆石裂变径迹与磷灰石裂变径迹所揭示的样品的热历史
其中实线为样品最佳热史反演模型，ZCTR为锆石裂变径迹的封闭温度范围，APZA为磷灰石的部分退火带范围
Fig. 4. Thermal history revealed of samples by zircon and apatite fission tracks
表 1 采集样品信息统计
Table 1. Summary of samples' detailed information
编号 经度(E) 纬度(N) 地理位置 高程(m) 年代和岩性 QZ-01 94°47.395′ 36°07.993′ 格尔木南，青藏公路边 3 138 二叠纪细中粒二长花岗岩 QZ-02 94°47.395′ 36°07.993′ 格尔木南，青藏公路边 3 138 二叠纪细中粒二长花岗岩 QZ-03 91°41.987′ 32°11.246′ 安多到那曲路边 4 773 早侏罗细中粒花岗闪长岩 QZ-04 91°42.774′ 32°07.436′ 安多到那曲路边 4 790 中元古黑云斜长片麻岩 QZ-05 90°33.941′ 30°04.941′ 羊八井镇南500 m 4 272 晚白垩世细粒花岗岩 QZ-06 90°33.941′ 30°04.941′ 羊八井镇南500 m 4 272 中晚元古黑云斜长变粒岩 QZ-07 89°38.733′ 28°40.970′ 康马县 4 183 早古生代二长花岗片麻岩 QZ-08 88°57.970′ 27°30.788′ 亚东县 3 382 中新世细粒二长花岗岩 QZ-09 88°54.470′ 27°25.938′ 亚东县 3 356 元古代黑云斜长片麻岩 QZ-10 93°06.466′ 29°58.372′ 工布江达县外，中流砥柱边 3 516 晚三叠花岗闪长岩 QZ-11 93°46.820′ 29°48.755′ 林芝至拉萨318国道边 3 030 白垩纪细中粒二长花岗岩 QZ-12 94°39.098′ 29°36.635′ 林芝色季拉山口 4 561 中晚元古黑云二长片麻岩 QZ-13 94°34.523′ 29°33.979′ 林芝 3 909 元古代细中粒英云闪长岩 QZ-14 93°22′49.7″ 29°3′28.3″ 朗县至米林县路边 3 029 早白垩细中粒花岗闪长岩 QZ-15 90°56.134′ 29°29.555′ 拉萨至日喀则路边 3 620 白垩纪中粒花岗闪长岩 
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表 2 样品锆石裂变径迹测试结果
Table 2. Zircon fission track test results of the samples
样品号 颗粒数 ρs(105) ρi(105) ρd(105) U(105) P(χ2)(%) 径迹年龄(Ma) QZ-03 22 250.662 186.384 27.405 247.36 13 182±9 QZ-04 26 221.964 165.518 27.083 221.07 11.6 181±9 QZ-05 26 105.497 181.143 26.815 247.43 5.1 77±5 QZ-06 25 198.602 217.909 26.6 296.19 6.5 121±8 QZ-07 13 90.29 183.075 26.171 255.07 7.2 59±9 QZ-10 25 206.513 199.394 24.667 293.55 10.7 127±6 QZ-11 23 188.583 192.038 24.882 282.44 12 121±7 QZ-12 26 56.07 200.797 25.312 288.77 4.8 35±2 QZ-14 25 44.641 166.169 25.58 239.48 9.8 33±7 QZ-15 9 50.203 177.62 26.385 246.32 87 36±7 注：ρs为自发裂变径迹；ρi为诱发裂变径迹；ρd为中子通量；U为测试样品的U含量；径迹年龄采用中值年龄.
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表 3 样品磷灰石裂变径迹测试结果
Table 3. Apatite fission track test results of the samples
样品号 颗粒数 ρs(105) ρi(105) ρd(105) U(105) P(χ2)(%) 径迹年龄(Ma) 径迹长度(μm) QZ-01 12 1.12 15.566 21.375 10.06 96.5 27.3±3.3 - QZ-02 28 0.596 8.687 21.197 6.12 4.9 25.7±3.0 12.66(40)±2.53 QZ-03 28 9.59 49.522 21.019 32.48 6.7 70.4±4.8 12.88±(104)±2.07 QZ-05 28 0.797 33.295 20.664 28.77 9.7 8.7±0.8 12.31 (97)±2.78 QZ-06 28 0.813 28.397 20.664 21.83 23.8 10.4±1.2 11.88 (14)±1.97 QZ-07 28 0.269 8.153 20.13 4.98 70.7 11.5±1.6 12.99 (12)±1.42 QZ-08 21 0.605 42.612 19.774 26.08 34.6 5.0±0.5 10.62 (9)±1.87 QZ-09 28 0.465 21.531 19.952 13.45 32.1 7.6±0.6 13.15 (113)±2.65 QZ-10 28 1.187 39.299 18.707 26.90 7.3 10.0±0.7 13.03 (107)±2.11 QZ-11 29 0.516 17.195 18.974 11.62 21.3 10.1±1.1 11.98 (10)±3.81 QZ-12 29 0.476 28.944 19.418 18.49 7.2 5.6±0.5 13.73 (93)±2.09 QZ-13 28 0.452 24.728 19.241 16.22 6.8 6.2±0.5 13.27 (109)±2.65 QZ-14 28 0.416 12.126 19.596 7.58 5.1 11.9±1.1 12.76 (54)±2.69 QZ-15 25 3.191 60.822 20.308 36.39 6.1 18.4±1.3 12.99 (108)±1.91 注：ρs为自发裂变径迹；ρi为诱发裂变径迹；ρd为中子通量；U为测试样品的U含量；径迹年龄采用中值年龄；径迹长度括号内为所测的径迹数目.
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