Genetic Mechanism of Xiwenzhuang Geothermal Field in Taiyuan Basin
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摘要: 地热田成因机制的研究是地热田资源量精细评价与有效开发的依据.在综合前人研究成果与最新地热钻井资料的基础上，通过对太原盆地岩溶热储地热系统的"源、储、通、盖"主要因素分析，建立了西温庄地热田形成的概念模型，并精细评价了地热资源量.西温庄地热田是一个在非对称性裂谷盆地的高大地热流值背景下，来自东、西山奥陶系岩溶储层裸露区的大气降水，沿着岩溶不整合面和断裂这个运移通道，从东山和西山双向补给，经盆地边界断裂进入盆地深部热储，吸热、增温后逐步在盆地中部西温庄隆起的碳酸盐岩岩溶储集层中富集、承压而形成的中低温传导型地热系统.西温庄地热田的岩溶地热系统具有封盖性能好、主力储集层段多、补给速度较快、盖层地温梯度较高等特征.表现为奥陶系岩溶热储上覆盖层包括石炭系、二叠系、三叠系与第四系，顶面埋深800~1 700 m；从上至下依次发育了峰峰组下段-上马家沟组上段、上马家沟组下段、下马家沟组上段和亮甲山组4套主力含水层段，热储层平均有效厚度累计184.6 m；地热水从补给区至盆地承压区的运移时间约2 000 a；奥陶系热储上覆岩层的平均地温梯度为3.0~4.0℃/100 m，地热水温度范围为55~75℃.西温庄地热田奥陶系岩溶热储的地热资源量精细评价结果表明，热储总量合计33.53×108 GJ，折合标煤1.14×108 t.年开采地热资源量可满足607×104m2的供暖面积，开发潜力巨大.Abstract: The study of the genetic mechanism of geothermal field is beneficial to the fine evaluation and effective development of geothermal field resources.On the basis of previous research results and the latest geothermal drilling data, the conceptual model of the formation of Xiwenzhuang geothermal field is established through analysis of main factors of "source, reservoir, migration channel and cover" of the karst geothermal system in Taiyuan Basin, and geothermal resources are carefully evaluated.It is considered that the Xiwenzhuang geothermal field formatted a middle-low temperature conducting geothermal system whose heat source results from the high terrestrial heat flow of asymmetric rift basin, whose recharge water source comes from the atmospheric precipitation in the exposed area of Ordovician karst reservoir in Dongshan and Xishan, and whose migration channels are the karst unconformity surface and fractures by which karst water migrated through the boundary faults of Dongshan and Xishan into the deep geothermal reservoir of the basin from Dongshan and Xishan bidirectional recharge, and after endothermic and temperature-increasing, gradually enriched and confined in the Ordovician karst reservoir of the Xiwenzhuang uplift in the central part of the basin.This geothermal system is characterized by better sealing performance, more aquifers of geothermal reservoir, faster recharge speed and higher geothermal gradient.In detail, the Ordovician karstic reservoir's cap rocks resulting in the buried depth of 800-1 700 m constitute of Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic and Quaternary.From top to bottom, the four main aquifers of Fengfeng Formation, Upper Majiagou Formation, Lower Majiagou Formation and Liangjiashan Formation are developed in turn.The average effective thickness of the thermal reservoir is 184.6 m in total, the migration age from the recharge source area to the confined area of basin is about 2 000 a, the average geothermal gradient of the overlying strata of the Ordovician geothermal reservoir is 3.0-4.0℃/100 m, and the geothermal water temperature range is 55-75℃.According to the fine evaluation results of geothermal resources of Ordovician karstic reservoir, the total geothermal reserve is 33.53×108 GJ, which is equivalent to 1.14×108 t of standard coal.The annual exploitation of geothermal resources can meet the demand of indoor heating area of 6.07 million square meters with huge potential for development.
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图 1 太原盆地构造区划与新生界厚度等值线图
Fig. 1. Tectonic zoning and contour of bedrock burial depth in Taiyuan Basin
图 3 TD-1井测井曲线与产能测试对比
Fig. 3. Log curve interpretation and productivity test of Well TD-1 in Taiyuan Basin
图 4 太原盆地中段岩溶水温度等值线分布
Fig. 4. Distribution of karst water temperature isoline in the Middle Section of Taiyuan Basin
图 5 西温庄地热田离子浓度与TDS关系
Fig. 5. Relationship between ion concentration and TDS in Xiwenzhuang geothermal field
图 6 太原盆地及邻区深部地温场(a)与浅部地温场(b)分布
图a据李世忠等(1994)；图b据马瑞(2007)修改
Fig. 6. Distribution of deep (a) and shallow (b) geothermal fields in Taiyuan Basin and adjacent areas
图 7 太原盆地地热井地层温度-深度关系
TS-6井、S2井数据来源据马瑞(2007)
Fig. 7. Relationship between formation temperature and depth of geothermal wells in Taiyuan Basin
图 8 太原盆地西温庄地热田概念模型
Fig. 8. Conceptual model of Xiwenzhuang geothermal field in Taiyuan Basin
表 1 太原盆地典型地热钻孔测试数据
Table 1. Test data of typical geothermal boreholes in Taiyuan Basin
序号 井号 地名 构造单元 完井年份 取水层段
(m)热储层位 井口水温(℃) 单井水量
(m3/h)SiO2含量
(mg/L)热储温度
Tr(℃)G盖 1 TS1 统计学校 亲贤地垒 1991 495~1 166.75 O2s 32 25 1.76 2 S1 神堂沟 西边山断阶 1995 410~603.71 O2f+O2s 43 60 20 5.61 3 S2 神堂沟 西边山断阶 1995 385~801.18 O2f+O2s 40 100 3.71 4 DKY 地勘院 西边山断阶 2004 875~1 339.21 O2x+O2s 51 82.9 3.01 5 N1 农展馆 城南隆起 2004 1 245~1 690.5 O2f+O2s 50 78.75 2.30 6 L1 丽华苑 城南隆起 2005 1 287~1 803.35 O2f+O2s 62.5 250 2.87 7 伞2 伞儿树村 城东断阶 2005 725~1 250.35 O2f+O2s 32 33.75 20 1.64 8 M1 煤炭学院 亲贤地垒 2005 755~1 300 O2f+O2s 33 30 1.65 9 XD-1 西温庄乡 西温庄隆起 2007 1 296~1 600.88 O2f+O2s 53 32 28 2.63 10 XZ-1 西攒村 西温庄隆起 2007 1 580~2 200 O2s+ O2x 65 62.74 2.45 11 HGC-1 化工厂 城南隆起 2014 1 145~1 701.66 O2s+ O2x 64 100 3.46 12 TD-1 太原大学 西温庄隆起 2014 1 550.13~2 260 O+∈3f 68 120 28.52 81 3.71 13 SLYF-1 双良研发 西温庄隆起 2015 1 618.0~2 464.8 O+∈3f 74 102 33.42 87 4.26 14 FHJD-3 孵化基地 西温庄隆起 2015 1 682~2 525.7 O+∈3f 65 100 29.35 82 3.40 15 FHJD-5 孵化基地 西温庄隆起 2015 1 638~2 526 O+∈3f 66 156 28.92 82 3.41 16 FHJD-6 孵化基地 西温庄隆起 2015 1 699~2 479 O+∈3f 61 154 30.93 84 3.52 17 NMC-1 农牧场 西温庄隆起 2016 1 512~2 219.7 O+∈3f 72 147 29.24 82 3.85 18 CDL-2 昌达隆 西温庄隆起 2016 1 648~2 357 O+∈3f 72 83 30.24 83 4.44 19 JLQC-3 江铃汽车 西温庄隆起 2016 1 790~2 624 O+∈3f 67 129 29.71 83 4.08 20 QGY-1 青干院 西温庄隆起 2017 1 586~2 435 O+∈3f 65 45 25.08 77 3.30 注：编号1~8马瑞(2007)；9~10据陈光平(2011).热储温度Tr根据地热水测试出的硅温标SiO2计算得出，公式为Tr=1 522/(5.75-lg(SiO2))-273.15；G盖表示钻孔上覆盖层的平均地温梯度(℃/100m)，据恒温层厚60 m、基准温度为12.5 ℃计算得到. 
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表 2 太原盆地TD-1井测井解释
Table 2. Log interpretation of Well TD-1 in Taiyuan Basin
层号 产水层位 产水井段
(m)厚度
(m)温度差
(℃)热导率
(W/m·℃)相对产能
(%)层位岩性 下部岩性 解释评价 综合产能 1 峰峰下段 1 599.30~1 631.50 32.20 1.11 2.06 13.57 角砾状白云岩 泥灰岩 主力产水层 22.54% 2 上马上段 1 667.70~1 670.00 2.30 0.042 5 3.84 3.67 豹皮灰岩 灰岩 次产水层 3 上马上段 1 717.10~1 723.80 6.70 0.147 3.24 5.30 豹皮灰岩 灰岩 次产水层 13.98% 4 上马下段 1 836.10~1 856.60 20.50 0.384 3.79 13.98 角砾状白云岩 灰岩 主力产水层 5 下马上段 1 888.30~1 891.30 3.00 0.061 3.49 2.17 灰质白云岩 泥质白云岩 微产水层 18.03% 6 下马上段 1 924.70~1 930.50 5.80 0.073 4 5.61 5.13 灰岩 泥晶灰岩 次产水层 7 下马下段 1 968.30~1 973.00 4.70 0.146 2.29 10.73 角砾状白云岩 泥质白云岩 次产水层 8 亮甲山组 2 052.40~2 056.00 3.60 0.057 3 4.46 12.18 白云岩 白云质灰岩 主力产水层 29.09% 9 亮甲山组 2 064.20~2 069.00 4.80 0.096 4 3.54 16.91 白云岩 白云质灰岩 主力产水层 10 凤山组 2 185.30~2 190.00 4.70 0.120 2.78 9.79 砾屑白云岩 细晶白云岩 次产水层 11 凤山组 2 192.10~2 194.00 1.90 0.048 6 2.78 6.57 粗晶白云岩 细晶白云岩 次产水层 16.36%
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表 3 西温庄地热田岩溶水水化学分析数据
Table 3. Chemical analysis data of karst water in Xiwenzhuang geothermal field
序号 井名 井深 水位 TDS
(mg/L)pH K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- SO42- HCO3- 水化学类型 (m) (mg/L) 1 TD-1 2 260 20.4 1 892.0 7.4 28.0 47.2 373.6 84.8 47.3 1 210.9 162.7 SO4-Ca 2 TD-2 2 556 20.4 2 108.0 7.0 30.2 53.0 437.1 73.7 79.8 1 297.4 174.6 SO4-Ca 3 FHJD-1 2 500 17.5 1 898.0 7.1 23.8 47.2 419.0 61.2 215.7 970.6 196.6 SO4-Ca 3 FHJD-2 2 919 16.5 2 050.0 7.5 22.6 61.5 304.0 62.5 58.6 1 160.0 117.0 SO4-Ca 5 GXWL-1 2 690 26.1 2 112.0 8.3 30.9 71.9 350.6 142.9 124.1 1 232.5 189.9 SO4-Ca·Mg 6 GXWL-2 2 494 19.6 2 104.1 7.1 24.4 54.6 421.8 85.7 71.1 1 282.9 149.8 SO4-Ca 7 GXWL-3 2 681 20.1 2 102.0 7.9 34.3 61.2 473.6 73.9 65.4 1 398.6 184.8 SO4-Ca 8 GXWL-4 2 711 3.7 2 382.0 7.9 50.1 90.0 469.8 89.6 152.5 1 328.4 194.9 SO4-Ca 9 SLYF-1 2 467 12.3 2 122.0 7.3 31.2 63.8 312.6 151.4 62.1 1 315.9 194.9 SO4-Ca·Mg 10 SLYF-2 2 735 14.5 2 120.0 7.2 31.2 63.8 312.6 151.5 62.0 1 314.6 193.9 SO4-Ca·Mg 11 SSSS-1 2 467 13.0 1 984.0 7.7 31.9 48.0 398.3 75.3 128.0 1 145.9 228.8 SO4-Ca 12 SSSS-2 2 735 14.7 2 122.0 7.3 31.2 63.8 312.6 151.4 62.1 1 315.9 194.9 SO4-Ca·Mg 13 SSSS-3 2 698 -15.0 2 004.0 7.3 31.1 52.2 422.2 80.0 136.3 1 210.2 130.0 SO4-Ca 14 SSSS-5 2 308 3.2 2 007.0 7.7 33.0 50.2 410.2 80.3 135.0 1 200.1 136.2 SO4-Ca 15 SSSS-9 2 470 2.5 1 812.0 8.3 56.6 260.1 187.4 41.8 60.4 1 069.5 210.6 SO4-Ca·Na 16 TZMJ-1 2 335 -13.4 1 976.0 7.7 32.1 48.0 400.0 76.8 128.1 1 146.1 228.8 SO4-Ca 17 TZMJ-2 2 575 -12.7 1 983.0 7.7 32.1 48.0 400.1 76.8 128.1 1 146.4 228.6 SO4-Ca 注：本次研究的采样工作主要集中在2017年2月的供暖季进行，全部为地热井封闭采灌循环系统下的地热水水样.采样点分布如图 1所示，井号前代码相同的地热井为同一供暖项目使用，岩溶热储的取水段顶部相距500~600 m.样品的测试分析工作委托国土资源部地下水矿泉水及环境监测中心完成.
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表 4 西温庄地热田地热资源评价参数取值与计算结果
Table 4. Evaluation parameters and calculation results of geothermal resources in Xiwenzhuang geothermal field
层位 评价单元面积(km2) 热储层顶板埋深(m) 平均有效厚度(m) 平均温度
(℃)平均孔隙度
(%)地热资源量
(108 GJ)地热资源量
(108t标煤)峰峰组 124.94 1 565 37.5 56.4 7.0 5.524 98 0.188 6 上马家沟组 124.94 1 689.9 58.2 62.4 6.0 9.596 593 0.327 5 下马家沟组 124.94 1 883.9 46.8 71.3 5.0 9.109 051 0.310 9 亮甲山组 124.94 2 040 26.3 75.8 4.5 5.642 322 0.192 6 冶里组 124.94 2 127.5 15.8 78.4 4.0 3.660 673 0.124 9 合计 184.6 33.533 6 1.144 5
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