Carbonate Metasomatism and Its Identification Characteristics in Mantle Peridotite
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摘要: 碳酸盐熔体交代作用是指在地幔碳酸盐熔体与橄榄岩之间的相互作用，是改造地幔的重要方式之一.碳酸盐熔体交代会显著改变地幔橄榄岩的岩石学和地球化学特征.首先，碳酸盐熔体交代作用会改变地幔橄榄岩中的矿物组成和比例.尽管碳酸盐熔体与橄榄岩的反应结果受控于初始反应物成分和反应的温压条件，但多数反应会导致橄榄岩中辉石的比例增加，而且有时还会出现磷灰石、独居石等副矿物.另外，在有些受碳酸盐熔体交代显著的橄榄岩的矿物中不仅可发现大量CO2流体包裹体和碳酸盐熔体包裹体，也会出现特殊的反应边结构和熔体囊.其次，碳酸盐熔体在改造地幔橄榄岩过程中，会在地幔矿物中留下明显的地球化学指纹.在主量元素特征上，受到碳酸盐熔体交代的橄榄岩中的单斜辉石往往具有偏高的Mg#和Ca/Al比值（>5）；而在微量元素组成特征上的变化更为显著，包括单斜辉石具有高的（La/Yb）N、Eu/Ti、Zr/Hf、Y/Ho比值，并显著亏损HFSE等.另外，值得注意的是，碳酸盐熔体与地幔橄榄岩反应的程度不同也会导致这些地球化学特征存在差异，因此在判别碳酸盐熔体交代作用时要采用岩石学和地球化学特征相结合，多方面对比分析.对于引起地幔碳酸盐熔体交代作用的交代介质来源的识别主要用Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr等多种同位素体系进行示踪研究，尤其是近年来微区Sr同位素分析方法的建立为地幔碳酸盐熔体交代作用研究提供了重要手段.Abstract: Carbonate metasomatism, one of the important ways to modify the mantle, is the interaction between carbonate melt and peridotite in the mantle. It can significantly change the petrology and geochemistry of the mantle peridotite. Firstly, composition and proportion of minerals in peridotite can be modified by carbonate metasomatism. Although results of carbonate metasomatism depend on the initial reactant composition and temperature and pressure conditions, most reactions result in the pyroxene enrichment in peridotite, and occurrence of accessory minerals such as apatite and monazite. In addition, minerals of peridotite having experienced significant metasomatism by carbonate melts are generally featured with abundant CO2-fluid and -melt inclusions, and distinctive spongy texture and melt pockets. Secondly, the carbonate metasomatism can be well identified by some geochemical fingerprints as well. As to major elements, the clinopyroxenes in peridotite having experienced carbonate metasomatism are characterized by high Mg# value and Ca/Al ratio (>5). In terms of trace elements, clinopyroxenes in peridotite having experienced carbonate metasomatism generally have higher (La/Yb)N, Eu/Ti, Zr/Hf and Y/Ho ratios, and show depletions in HFSE. It is worth noting that the geochemical features may vary with the degree of carbonate metasomatism. In order to trace the source of carbonate melt caused metasomatism, Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr isotopic systems can be well used. Especially, in-situ Sr isotopic analysis method established in recent years provides us an important way to unravel the overlap of multiple carbonate metasomatism.
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Key words:
- carbonate metasomatism /
- petrology /
- geochemistry /
- lithospheric mantle
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图 1 受碳酸盐熔体交代的地幔橄榄岩中的富CO2流体包裹体(a)和碳酸盐熔体包裹体(b)
图a为单斜辉石内发育的CO2流体包裹体，白色虚线为矿物边界，引自Liu et al.(2010)；图b为橄榄石中包裹的碳酸盐熔体包裹体和富CO2流体包裹体，引自Deng et al.(2017); Cpx.单斜辉石
Fig. 1. CO2-rich fulid inclusions (a) and carboantite melt inclusions (b) in mantle peridotite experienced carbonate metasomatism
图 2 受碳酸盐熔体交代的地幔橄榄岩中发育的熔体囊及其矿物组合
图a引自Kim et al.(2016)；图b引自Ackerman et al.(2013).Sp.尖晶石; Ol.橄榄石; Cpx.单斜辉石; Carb, cb.碳酸盐; ilm.钛铁矿
Fig. 2. Melt pockets in mantle peridotite xenoliths which experidenced carbonate metasomatism and minerals assemblages in melt pockets
图 3 硅不饱和熔体与橄榄岩反应形成围绕斜方辉石的筛状反应边(a)和碳酸盐化地幔橄榄岩中单斜辉石的反应边结构(b)
图a据王永锋和章军锋(2013)；图b据Deng et al.(2017).Opx.斜方辉石; Cpx.单斜辉石; Ol.橄榄石
Fig. 3. The sieve-textured reaction rims of orthopyroxene due to the reaction between a silica-understaturated melt and a peridotite (a) and the recation rims of clinopyroxene in mantle peridotite experienced carbonate metasomatism (b)
图 4 地幔橄榄岩天然样品和高温高压试验样品中单斜辉石CaO、Al2O3和SiO2的变化关系
硅质熔体与橄榄岩反应的实验数据来自王超等(2010)、Yaxley and Green(1998)；碳酸盐熔体与橄榄岩反应的实验数据来自Klemme et al.(1995)、Sokol et al.(2016)、Gervasoni et al.(2017); 典型碳酸盐熔体交代的地幔橄榄岩数据引自Yaxley et al.(1998)、Neumann et al.(2002)、Sun et al.(2012)、Deng et al.(2017)
Fig. 4. CaO vs. SiO2 (a) and Al2O3 vs. SiO2 (b) in clinopyroxene from mature and experimental mantle peridotite
图 5 地幔橄榄岩天然样品和高温高压试验样品中单斜辉石(La/Yb)N和Ti/Eu(a)、以及Ca/Al和Mg#(b)的变化关系
Fig. 5. (La/Yb)N vs. Ti/Eu (a) and Ca/Al vs. Mg# (b) in clinopyroxene from mature and experimental mantle peridotite
表 1 不同成分的碳酸盐熔体与橄榄岩反应
Table 1. Reactions between different components of carbonate melt with peridotite
碳酸盐熔体属性 温压条件 反应产物 参考文献 富Ca 1.5~2.5 GPa, 930~1 300 ℃ Cpx、Ol、CO2 Dalton and Wood (1993); Green and Wallace (1988); Thibault et al.(1992); Yaxley and Green(1996) 富Ca 6 GPa, 1 200 ℃ Cpx、Ol、Grt、CO2 Gervasoni et al.(2017) 富Ca 3.1 GPa, 1 300 ℃6.5 GPa, 1 400 ℃ MrwCpx Sharygin et al.(2018) 富Ca 5.5~7.0 GPa, 1 200~1 350 ℃ Cpx、富Mg碳酸盐熔体 Sokol et al.(2016) 富Na、低Ca Ol、Jadeite、CO2Ol、Pargasite、CO2 Yaxley et al.(1991) 富Mg、低Ca 6.3 GPa，1 350 ℃ Ol、Opx Sokol et al.(2016) 注：Cpx.单斜辉石；Ol.橄榄石；Opx.斜方辉石；Grt.石榴子石；Mrw.镁硅钙石；Jadeite.硬玉；Pargasite.韭闪石. 
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