Geochronology and Geochemical Characteristics of Lower-Middle Triassic Clay Rock and Their Significances for Prospecting Clay-Type Lithium Deposit
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摘要: 中国重庆、四川、贵州等地区的早、中三叠统地层界线（T1/T2）附近发育一套与火山喷发沉积有关的粘土岩层，其锂含量区域性富集.评价该套粘土层锂成矿潜力并确定粘土型锂矿的找矿方向具有重要现实意义.基于地质年代学及岩石地球化学方法，锆石U-Pb测年结果显示，重庆温泉、四川谢家湾、贵州辅处、贵州马落菁界限粘土岩年龄为248.6±0.8 Ma、242.5±0.7 Ma、246.1±0.6 Ma、248.1±0.8 Ma，与早-中三叠世界限年龄相近（247.2 Ma）.全岩富Li、K2O，高MgO，亏损Na2O；相对富集不相容元素（Rb、W、Sn、Bi、Th、U），相对亏损相容元素（V、Cr、Co、Ni）等；Li与不相容元素（Sn、Ta、Ga等）呈正相关关系，总体上显示与流纹-英安岩具有亲缘性.图解分析显示界限粘土岩为中酸性火山喷发-沉积岩经粘土化蚀变作用后的产物，构造背景为印支早期扬子板块西南缘俯冲碰撞引起的火山喷发活动或峨眉大火成岩省岩浆作用后续热液-沉积活动.综合分析认为中酸性火山喷发-沉积岩成分继承造成了界限粘土岩高K、富Li的地球化学特征，粘土矿物吸附作用也对界限粘土岩锂富集有所贡献，蒸发沉积作用对大面积沉积粘土层锂富集有限.今后在寻找沉积粘土型锂矿时建议以中国西南部T1/T2界线附近火山喷发-沉积成因粘土层为重要找矿层位，以同时代古火山口盆地或类似的古地貌分布区为重要找矿区域.Abstract: The Lower-Middle Triassic boundary clay rocks (LMTBC, for short), related to volcanic material eruption and deposition, are rich in lithium and widespread in Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou of southwest China. It is of great economic significance to evaluate the ore-forming potential of sedimentary clay-type lithium deposit and confirm the prospecting direction in LMTBC. Based on the method of chronology and geochemistry, MC-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb data indicates that the formation ages of LMTBC from Wenquan, Xiejiawan, Fuchu, Maluojing are 248.6±0.8 Ma, 242.5±0.7 Ma, 246.1±0.6 Ma, 248.1±0.8 Ma, and they all are close to the Lower-Middle Triassic boundary age (247.2 Ma). The geochemical data indicate that LMTBC is enriched in Li, K2O, high of MgO and depleted in Na2O, and displays high incompatible elements (Rb, W, Sn, Bi, Th, and U) abundances and low compatible element (V, Cr, Co and Ni) abundances. The Li shows positive correlation with the incompatible elements (Sn, Ta, and Ga), which is similar to rhyolitic-dacitic rocks. All above data suggest that LMTBC is the products of the clay-alteration from the Triassic multiple-stages volcanic eruption-deposit materials. Considering the spatio-temporal relationship geochemical characteristics of LMTBC and rhyolitic-dacitic igneous rocks in southwest China, it is suggested that the tectonic setting of volcanic activities is possibly the subduction and collision of Yangtze plate and Cathaysia plate, or the hydrothermal-sedimentary activities of subsequent Emei great igneous province. The inheritance component of the volcanic sedimentary materials is the key factor for Li anomalies of LMTBC, the ions adsorption effect of clay minerals may be also important; the superposition action of lithium rich brine caused by the evaporation hardly caused the large-scale lithium-rich LMTBC. Accordinlgly, it is suggested that the clay layers of LMTBC volcanic eruption-sedimentary origin are the ideal bedding for discovering the clay-type lithium deposits in southwest China. The contemporary ancient crater basins and similar paleogeomorphology are the favorable preservation of eruption sediments, and the important prospecting area for clay-type lithium deposits.
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图 1 中国西南部构造简图附T1/T2界线间火山喷发物或其蚀变粘土岩分布(a)和取样位置(b、c)
构造简图据Wang and Mo(1995)，略有改动；峨眉大火成岩省活动范围据He et al.(2007)；T1/T2绿豆岩分布点朱忠发和王光新(1986)
Fig. 1. Tectonic map of southwest China with distribution of LMTBC (a) and the sampling location (b, c)
图 2 T1/T2界线附近地层柱状简图附样品位置及年龄
Fig. 2. The stratigraphic column map of the Lower-Middle Triassic boundary layers with sampling position and ages
图 3 T1/T2界线粘土岩手标本及其结构、构造特征
Fig. 3. The samples of LMTBC and their characteristics of the texture and structure
图 4 T1/T2界限粘土岩的锆石阴极发光电子图像、测点位置及206Pb/238U年龄(Ma)
Fig. 4. The zircon images of cathode luminescence electron in LMTBC with measuring points and 206Pb/238U age (Ma)
图 5 早-中三叠世界线附近粘土岩锆石U-Pb年龄
Fig. 5. The zircon U-Pb ages of Early-Middle Triassic clay rocks
图 6 中国西南晚二叠-中三叠世各地质体地球化学原始地幔标准化图解
Fig. 6. The spider diagram of primitive mantle-normalization for the Late Permian to Middle Triassic geologic bodies
图 7 中国西南晚二叠-中三叠世各地质体地球化学图解
Fig. 7. The diagram of for the geochemistry of the Late Permian to Middle Triassic geologic bodies
图 8 中国西南T1/T2界线粘土岩物源成分判别图解
Fig. 8. The discrimination diagrams for the original material of the LMTBC in southwest China
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