Fluid-Rock Interactions and Reservoir Formation Driven by Multiscale Structural Deformation in Basin Evolution
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摘要: 以往的流体-岩石作用研究，主要针对中小尺度的非构造应变机制，制约了盆地中大尺度客观规律的认识.从盆地形成演化动力学视角，梳理了盆地尺度构造驱动的流体-岩石作用的概念模型或工作模式，并结合典型实例，解析和讨论了构造-流体-岩石作用的关键过程、控制要素以及成储效应.对比研究表明，构造驱动的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩的流体-岩石作用，无论类型、强度和分布均存在显著不同.对于碳酸盐岩储层，即便是弱应变阶段，与微裂缝有关的扩溶及充填-胶结作用在构造圈闭范围内也具有普遍意义.反观碎屑岩（砂岩），弱应变阶段发育了特征的变形条带及其构造成岩演变序列；而强应变将可能导致深层碎屑岩（微）裂缝及其相关构造-流体-岩石作用的发育，并可能在相当程度上改善储集性.研究表明，流体介质压力环境的强烈更变、应力/应变改造岩矿稳定性、以及流体-岩矿反应界面和空间的快速/强烈更变，是构造驱动流体-岩石作用研究的关键.Abstract: Fluid-rock interactions in sedimentary basins have been focused on the non-structural genetic mechanisms on medium and small scales in most papers published, which has constrained the understanding of the objective laws on basin-scale. The conceptual models or working modes of fluid-rock interactions driven by structural deformation (FRIDSD) in sedimentary basin evolution are presented in this paper. Conbined with the typical cases on carbonate and clastic reservoirs studied, key processes, control factors and reservoir-forming effects of FRIDSD are analysed and discussed. It is indicated that there are significant differences of FRIDSD between carbonates and sandstones in the type, intensity and distribution, exist between carbonates and sandstones. For carbonate reservoirs, it cannot be neglected that, even in weak structural deformation, dissolution and filling-cementation of carbonates related to a lot of microcracks also develop over structural traps. On the other hand, for clastic (sandstone) reservoirs, diagnostic deformation bands and their related structural diagenesis, with few microcracks, develop in weak structural deformation. However, intensive structural deformation most probably makes more (micro-) cracks and promotes FRIDSD in sandstones, which may also improve the deep-buried reservoir property to a certain extent. It is pointed out that key problems of FRIDSD mainly include intensive change of fluid pressure, petrological-mineral stabilities modified by strain, intensive/rapid change of reactive surface and volume on fluid-rock interactions.
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图 1 沉积盆地动力学演化主要地质记录的延续时段与可识别度示意图
Fig. 1. Time ranges and identification degree for major geological records responding to basin geodynamical evolution
图 2 盆地流体活动与相关流体-岩石作用要素示意图
据李忠(2016)修改
Fig. 2. Basin fluid flow and its related key factors on fluid-rock interactions
图 3 塔中鹰山组碳酸盐胶结物原位碳-氧同位素特征
据李忠等(2016)修改
Fig. 3. Scatter diagram for in-situ isotopic values of oxygen and carbon of the Yingshan Formation carbonate cements, Tazhong
图 4 塔中鹰山组碳酸盐岩主要构造-流体活动的时空界定
图a为塔中西北部Zg16井区埋藏-热演化史与3期断裂活动标定; 图b为塔中西北部Tz162井区埋藏-热演化史与3期断裂活动标定; 图c为不同期次和级序断裂与鹰山组沉积晚期暴露古地貌叠合图
Fig. 4. Spatio-temporal identification for major structural-fluid records in the Yingshan Formation carbonates, Tazhong
图 5 库车坳陷克深201井区巴什基奇克组统一背斜(a)与次级纵弯背斜(b)划分对比
Fig. 5. Comparison between the unifying anticline (a) and its subordinate bending one (b) of the Basijiqike Formation in the Keshen-201 region, Kuqa Depression
图 6 克深201井区巴什基奇克组次级纵弯背斜构造差异应变段储层成岩演化序列及对比
Fig. 6. Diagenetic sequences for sandstone reservoirs in differential strain sections, corresponding to the subordinate bending anticlines of the Basijiqike Formation in the Keshen-201 region, Kuqa Depression
图 7 克深地区巴什基奇克组砂岩储层埋藏史与裂缝充填物形成时空厘定
Fig. 7. Burial history and spatial-temporal fields of fracture-filling cements for the Basijiqike Formation sandstone reservoirs in the Keshen-201 region, Kuqa Depression
表 1 盆地构造-流体-岩石作用研究的基本分类
Table 1. The principal classification for a research on structure deformation-fluid-rock interactions in sedimentary basins
理论模型 定义 类型划分及支撑依据 实例文献 大类 亚类 种类 一级 伸展型挠曲型冲断型走滑型 盆地尺度构造-流体活动; 穿层流体影响二级以上层序 按盆地构造类型划分:主要依据数值模拟; 实际地质记录支撑较弱或缺乏 Garven(1995)
Allen and Allen (2013)强应变构造 二级 (多种组合) 盆地区带尺度构造-流体活动:一系列成因相近的构造组成 按盆地区带构造组合类型划分:主要依据实际地质记录支撑, 但支撑较弱 Davies and Smith (2007) 三级 背斜向斜正断裂逆断裂 圈闭尺度构造-流体活动:单一构造及配套要素组成 按单一构造类型划分:主要依据实际岩石-矿物-地化等地质记录支撑, 流体证据丰富 Davies and Smith (2007) 弱应变构造 一级
二级
三级扩张剪切压实 构造单元边界断裂不活动, 内部岩层总体无显著应变, 变形条带、隐形裂缝发育; 流体穿层活动弱 按应变属性划分:依据实际岩石-矿物-地化等地质记录支撑; 盆地/一级、区带/二级尺度认识较弱, 三级构造内流体证据丰富 Fossen et al.(2007)
Schultz and Fossen (2008)
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表 2 盆地深埋过程中构造驱动的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩的流体-岩石作用对比
Table 2. Comparision of fluid-rock interactions driven by structure deformation between carbonates and sandstones in basin deep-buried processes
岩类 作用类型 碳酸盐岩 碎屑岩(砂岩) 压实/压溶 内生节理广泛发育, 存在破裂作用, 微裂缝及压溶局域发育 压实变形条带广泛发育 弱应变 胶结/充填 在碱性介质条件下, 可促进局域粒间胶结和裂缝充填作用 对胶结和充填作用影响不大 溶蚀/扩溶 在酸性介质条件下, 可促进局域溶蚀和裂缝扩溶作用 对溶蚀和扩溶作用影响不大 压实/压溶 破裂和压溶作用广泛发育 促进压实/压溶作用, 微裂缝局域发育, 变形条带局域保存 强应变 胶结/充填 可促进应变区域范围内的粒间胶结和裂缝充填作用、交代/云化作用 可在应变范围内或局域促进粒间胶结和裂缝充填作用 溶蚀/扩溶 可促进应变区域范围内的溶蚀和裂缝扩溶作用 可在应变范围内或局域促进溶蚀和裂缝扩溶作用
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